The subject. This article has been prepared in order to analyze federal and regional legislation in the field of regulation of international and foreign economic relations of local governments, as well as to prepare proposals for its improvement. This article examines the main issues related to the definition of the concept of "international and foreign economic relations of local self-government bodies" and indicates its signs; analyzes the powers of bodies of three levels of public authority in the field of international and foreign economic relations of local self-government bodies and problematic issues related to their implementation; analyzes the normative legal acts necessary for adoption at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities in this area.Main results. International and foreign economic relations of local self-government bodies should be understood as the relations carried out by local self-government bodies in order to resolve issues of local importance and, in coordination with the state authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation, with representatives of state-territorial, administrativeterritorial and municipal formations of foreign states, with local self-government bodies of foreign states, including for the purpose of participation in activities international organizations in the field of inter-municipal cooperation.Conclusions. There are no provisions in federal legislation on the need for the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation to organize interaction with other federal executive authorities in order to effectively exercise powers in the field of international and foreign economic relations of local governments. In this regard, this gap needs additional legal regulation. There is a need to include new provisions in federal legislation defining the features of the legal status of "twin cities", as well as supplementing federal and regional organizations of inter-municipal cooperation among the subjects of international and foreign economic relations.

The subject. The article examines a constitutional conflict arising between a citizen and the state on the issue of assigning social support measures to children, who were conceived and born after the death of the insured person (posthumous reproduction). In 2024, such a constitutional dispute became the subject of consideration by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Previously, similar disputes became the subject of consideration by the Supreme Court of the United States. In this regard, the subject of research in this article is the law enforcement practice that has developed in Russia, as well as in foreign countries, on the issue of using posthumous reproduction technologies. The author examines the following constitutional aspects of posthumous reproduction:– the risk of a constitutional conflict arising in connection with posthumous reproduction;– the limits and conditions for the exercise of the right to reproductive choice in posthumous reproduction.The purpose of the article: to identify the constitutional risks of using cryopreservation technology of genetic material and posthumous reproduction, which may, under certain conditions, lead to the emergence of constitutional conflicts. And also to propose measures aimed at preventing such constitutional conflicts.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods, method of constitutional conflict diagnosis. In addition to this, historical method was also applicable. The article also uses a comparative legal method to analyze the legislation and practice of foreign countries such as Israel, the USA, France, etc. The main results. The author concludes that Russian legislation needs to be improved in order to prevent the emergence of constitutional conflicts related to posthumous reproduction. This requires new legal regulation based on constitutional norms on human rights, providing for the following conditions:– mandatory written consent, made during the life of a citizen, about the intention to become a parent after his death and to have children;– a time limit for the conception and birth of children after the death of the person who gave such consent.

The purpose of the scientific article is to, based on an analysis of the concept and essence of public danger, offer scientifically based conclusions related to the understanding of whether acts should be differentiated on the grounds of “nuisance” and “danger” into administrative offenses and crimes. The achievement of the formulated goal was made possible by solving the following scientific problems: defining the concept and essence of the social danger of an act; disclosure of the content of concepts of the nature and degree of social danger of an act, clarification of their criminal legal and social functions; clarification of the influence of public danger on the criminalization of an act and the categorization of crimes.The methodological basis was the universal principles of scientific knowledge: objectivity, the relationship of phenomena and their characteristics, the unity of theory and practice. In solving the identified problems, the work also used other general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, successfully tested by legal doctrine, including analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction.This article analyzes its concept as distinguishing an administrative offense from a crime. The essence and criteria for forming the degree of public danger are determined. Conditions are established that influence the formation of this characteristic for certain types of administrative offenses. The relationship between social danger and its degree in case of recidivism, preparation or attempted crime, and statute of limitations is analyzed.

The subject of the study is easements as a special and ancient type of rights to other people's land plots.The article presents a scientific analysis of certain aspects and properties of servitude law through the prism of modern judicial practice and on the basis of conclusions drawn in the research of modern foreign civilists.The purpose of the article is to show the new possibilities of the well-known civil law structure (easements), including from the point of view of the implementation of the task of increasingly satisfying the needs of citizens, including recreational needs.General scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison and description, as well as special methods of cognition of legal reality: historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal, legal modeling.Scientific results:It is proved that the institutions of property law, including the institution of easements, cannot be indifferent to the social problems of our time, including a great role in meeting the diverse needs of citizens, including recreational.It is established that modern judicial practice in cases of easements, proving the effectiveness of justice, actually protects public interests, preventing the formal legal use of the design of easements, detracting from the task of more and more fully satisfying the needs of people in active recreation and recovery.It is emphasized that foreign civil law is actively searching for new models of property law regulation, offering their use taking into account the social tasks of civil law regulation. Attention is drawn to the fundamental conclusions of civilists related to the methodology of assessing real estate burdened with an easement, the separation of easements with other limited property rights, the improvement of forms of protection of this right.The construction of an environmental easement aimed at preserving the landscape, biodiversity, ecosystems and new opportunities for public admission of citizens to private lands for recreation and active recreation is proposed as promising for the introduction into Russian civil legislation.

The subject. Paragraph 3 of item 26 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (SAC) dated June, 22, 2012 No. 35 "On some procedural issues related to consideration of bankruptcy cases" has been interpreted by doctrine and judicial practice as establishing a higher standard of proof for certain disputes considered in bankruptcy cases. However, the SAC does not mention any standards; the court's explanations are dedicated to assessing the reliability of evidence coming from a person interested in the favorable case outcome. Therefore, before concluding that the SAC introduced standards of proof, its approach should be analyzed from the perspective of concepts long known to Russian procedural law, namely: "credibility in evidence", "source of evidence".The purpose of the study. To determine whether paragraph 3 of item 26 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the SAC dated June, 22, 2012 No. 35 establishes any standard of proof. Methodology. Methods of analysis and comparison based on practice of the SAC, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of scientific research in the field of civil procedural law.The main results of research and the field of their application. The approach of the SAC represents a specification of the universal thesis that credibility in evidence is linked to its source, in relation to bankruptcy cases. The addressed explanation cannot be perceived as introducing higher standards of proof for bankruptcy cases. Evidence is assessed based on properties of its source when resolving any civil law dispute.Conclusion. The conclusion about existence of a fact cannot be made solely on the basis of evidence which source is a person interested in establishing this fact.

Subject. The article analyzes the current practice of applying legislation in the field of administrative responsibility, which is the result of changes in legislation in the field of state control (supervision).The choice of the research object is due to the need for systematic application of legislation in the areas of legal regulation under consideration, as well as the need to ensure uniformity in the practice of applying the Code of Administrative Offenses, which is due to the principle of equality before the law.The purpose of the study. The article presents an analysis of current problems faced by courts. The results of the analysis of judicial practice and scientific approaches to solving the problems discussed in the article are presented.Methodology. In the course of the work, the researcher was guided by a systematic way of interpreting current legal norms, as well as existing Russian scientific research in this area.Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, norms were identified in the application of which uniformity was not ensured. In order to harmonize the legislation on state control (supervision) and the legislation on administrative offenses, it is proposed to take into account the scientific approaches that have emerged in the science of administrative law.

The research subject. This study focuses on recent developments (2021-2023) in Russian tax treaty case law.The purpose of the research. The objective of this research is to analyze the key trends and developments in tax treaty case law in Russia for the last three years.Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of cases where the commercial courtsof circuits and the Supreme court of Russian Federation in 2021-2023 applied Russian double tax treaties (total number – 38 cases).Main results of the research. The analysis of the tax treaty case law allowed to make a general overview of the relevant judicial practice and identify three strategic areas of law enforcement – development of the beneficial owner concept, issues if qualification of income for the purposes of the application of tax treaties and disputes between withholding agents and taxpayers.Conclusion. An analysis of judicial practice allows us to conclude that Russia is quite successful in implementing the task of deoffshorization of the Russian economy – this is noticeable both in the geography of the applied agreements and in the content of the issues under consideration. The tax treaty case law is heterogeneous – it includes both simple issues (for example, with obvious mistakes of a withholding agent) and issues on which judicial practice as a whole has already been established (for example, in relation to the beneficial owner concept), as well as quite extraordinary and sometimes difficult questions. It should be admitted that fundamentally new issues of application of double taxation agreements are sometimes not easy for the courts. An analysis of tax treaty case law puts forward the question of the role and risks of a withholding agent – currently the practice does not seem sufficiently balanced in terms of ensuring a balance of private and public interests. For application of double tax treaties procedural issues remain of great importance. Analysis of judicial practice shows that they are crucial both for the withholding agent and the taxpayer.

The subject. The number of authors who consistently try in their works to “bury” international justice, as well as international law itself, behind the ideas of politicization, bias and unenforceability, has grown significantly today. The political and legal developments of modern international law should still be assessed comprehensively and in detail. First of all, legal events are the is Judgment on the merits of the International Court of Justice of January 31, 2024, case of Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine vs. Russian Federation).Materials and methods. This research carried out a scientific analysis of the Judgment on the merits of the ICJ dated January 31, 2024. The subject of the study also included other law enforcement acts of the International Court of Justice in this case and in other cases, as well as normative acts of international law.Discussion. The judgment on the merits of the UN International Court of Justice dated January 31, 2024 was one of the most expected and unexpected for many. It is an ambiguous event that requires multifactor analysis. The author analyzed the procedure for considering this dispute, the stated subject and basis of the dispute in conjunction with the decisions of the Court itself on jurisdiction, and assessed the adopted final decisions on the merits of the dispute. It is safe to say that for Russia this decision of the Court is in many ways positive. The positions of the Court in the examined act allow us to draw conclusions not only on the issues of the dispute itself, on the merits of which it was decided, but also regarding the advisability of preserving international justice, which has shown viability and independence.The main results and conclusions. The author analyzes the case review process, the subject of the dispute, which was declared by the applicant and actually considered by the Court, in conjunction with the judgments of the Court on the issue of jurisdiction, and the author gave a legal assessment of the final judgment on the merits of the case. It is safe to say that this Court,s judgment has a positive meaning in many aspects for Russian Federation. The positions of the Court in the act examined allow us to draw conclusions not only on the issues of the case itself, on the merits of which it was rendered, but also on the expediency of preserving international justice, which has shown viability and independence.In addition, the International Court limited itself to proving Russia's guilt in only two minor episodes of international legal violations of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of 1999 and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965. The Court avoided from orders for damages.

The subject of the study is international legal norms and global processes associated with their non-compliance and the substitution of rules for norms. The article analyzes current problems of global legal anomie, characteristic of the modern international legal system and international life. Consistent and systemic measures are proposed to prevent and counter this type of legal anomie. In this regard, possible directions for the development of the domestic legal system are determined.The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristic features of global legal anomie and outline ways out of it.Methodology. The dialectical method of cognition, philosophical laws of unity and struggle of opposites, the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, as well as comparative legal and formal legal methods are defined as the methodological basis of the study.The main results. In the process of research, the authors prove that the legal system, which is in a state of legal anomie, is becoming increasingly unsystematic, fragmented and segmented in nature, within which internal connections and interactions are minimized, and its organizing role is inevitably reduced. The article argues that the process of global legal anomie is associated with the complete or partial absence of the necessary (new) legal norms that ensure the formation of multipolarity, and with the imposition of new rules by several states, which to a greater extent form the excessive regulation of international legal relations. The authors explain the concept and characteristics of legal anomie in the international legal system. There is a need to establish mechanisms in the domestic legal system that prevent the entry of international law norms or the manifestation of other components of the international legal system that contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and cause legal anomie.Conclusions. It is necessary to find a balance between different national legal systems, which would allow them to mutually enrich themselves with the achievements of their social and legal life. The authors propose the following definition of global legal anomie. It is a type of social anomie occurring in the international legal sphere as a result of a loss of trust in international institutions and rapid changes during a crisis (transition) period, representing a negative (destabilizing) component of international life and characterized by dysfunctionality and inconsistency of the components of the international legal system. Global legal anomie is most clearly expressed: firstly, in the complete or partial absence of the necessary (conditionally new) norms of international law, secondly, in neglect of existing norms, and also, thirdly, in the massively deviating legal implementation activities of subjects of the world communities.

This article examines the demand for additional legal instruments to ensure operational secrecy in law enforcement agencies. It identifies certain inconsistencies and gaps in the current regulatory framework, calling for improvements to consolidate both public and intra-departmental instruments into a unified legal framework. The study aims to confirm the hypothesis that enhancing the legal provisions governing operational secrecy will contribute to the effectiveness of law enforcement operations.The research employs a comprehensive analysis of existing laws, regulations, and practices related to operational activities. It explores the concept of operational secrecy and highlights the need for a coherent understanding of this legal category. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of confidentiality in operational activities and the associated challenges of regulating specific methods and techniques, considering their unique and dynamic nature.The findings reveal two key directions for the further development of operational secrecy instruments. Firstly, the article argues that publicly disclosing detailed information regarding the essence, specific instruments, and methods employed in operational activities would be counterproductive and undermine operational effectiveness. However, it also recognizes the necessity of harmonizing the understanding and application of operational secrecy by providing a clear legal definition within the legislation governing operational and investigative activities. Therefore, it proposes amending the relevant provisions of the Law “On Operational and Investigative Activities” to encompass a comprehensive legal framework for operational secrecy.Secondly, the research highlights that information regarding overt operational and investigative measures and their contents may indirectly or directly expose the interests of law enforcement agencies, reveal their tactics for gathering information, and compromise the effectiveness of their efforts to detect, prevent, and deter criminal activities and threats to national security. While administrative liability currently applies to breaches of emerging “operational secrecy”, violations of the “secrecy of investigation” fall under criminal liability, including imprisonment. Moreover, in certain cases, criminal liability exists for breaches of information protection rules even in the civil domain. Consequently, the article suggests exploring the balance between the level of responsibility and the potential damage caused to societal interests when imposing liability for breaches of operational secrecy.To address the identified challenges, one potential solution could be the codification of operational and investigative norms. Such an approach would not only provide a systematic and structured presentation of laws governing operational activities but also facilitate logical and consistent links between the discussed legal framework and related branches of law.In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of additional legal instruments to safeguard operational secrecy in law enforcement agencies. It calls for improvements in the current legal framework, emphasizing the need for a unified and comprehensive legal approach. By confirming the research hypothesis, this article provides valuable insights into enhancing operational secrecy and its implications for the effectiveness of law enforcement operations.