the paper examines the phenomenon of decentralized finance (DeFi) as one of the most promising and at the same time controversial areas of the digital economy. DeFi is defined as an ecosystem of protocols and applications based on blockchain and smart contracts that allows financial transactions to be carried out without the intermediation of traditional institutions. It is noted that the key advantages of the technology are transparency, automation, reduction of transaction costs, and expansion of the accessibility of financial services. Simultaneously, risks associated with the lack of unified regulatory approaches, high vulnerability of smart contracts, the use of DeFi for unlawful purposes, and the uncertainty of legal liability are emphasized. Particular attention is paid to AML/KYC problems, as well as the use of DeFi platforms for money laundering of criminal proceeds.

the paper examines the theoretical aspects of the formation of legal doctrine in the Russian Federation. The concept of legal doctrine, its role and functions in the legal system are considered. The key stages and factors of the formation of Russia’s legal doctrine in historical retrospect and the modern period are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the methodological approaches to the study of this phenomenon. Purpose: the theoretical and legal analysis of the process of forming the legal doctrine of Russia, identifying patterns, stages, methodological foundations, and specific features. The object of the study is legal doctrine as a complex system of legal ideas, concepts, principles and doctrinal interpretations of law prevailing in a certain historical period, influencing the legal system of Russia. The research methodology is based on a set of the general scientific and specific scientific methods: the historical method, the systematic method, the formal legal method, the comparative law method, the method of theoretical modeling allowed building the theoretical models of doctrine formation reflecting the influence of various factors (political, economic, cultural), analysis and synthesis were used to process theoretical material, identify structural elements of the doctrine and form generalizing conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, the stages of the process of formation of Russia’s legal doctrine are highlighted, a set of factors influencing the process of formation of the legal doctrine is identified and disclosed, including the factors influencing the formation of the legal doctrine of Russia. The features of modern legal doctrine are defined. The conclusion is made about the dynamic nature of the formation of the legal doctrine of Russia, due to a complex of historical, socio-political and cultural factors, and its increasing importance in the context of legal reforms and globalization.

Introduction: the existence of exhaustive types of civil proceedings causes some problems with its definition when considering cases related to the protection of children’s rights. The study of the order and methods of protecting children’s rights is highly relevant since the protection of children’s rights is the main parental duty and gives children the opportunity to grow and develop in a sense of security with the support of parents or their surrogates. First of all, it is necessary to determine the object and types of subjects of protection, as well as in what order it is necessary to implement the protection of children’s rights. The purpose of the study: to identify, based on the characteristics of the object, the parties of the protection of children’s rights, the mechanism for determining the type of civil proceedings for the successful defense of the rights and legitimate interests of the child. Methods: induction, deduction, analysis and formal legal methods. Results: the priority forms, types and methods of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of children are identified. The specific suggestions on the research topic are given. Conclusions: the protection of children is primarily the responsibility of parents. The choice of the form and method of protection, as well as the specific type of civil proceedings, depends on the legal requirements and the benefits being protected, as well as the interests of children.

Introduction: The complex migration situation in the Russian Federation requires constant study of the experience of foreign countries with high rates of migration population growth for the purpose of theoretical and practical updating of legal approaches to the observance of human rights, taking into account the peculiarities of the national legal system. The root causes of migration, as a rule, are very diverse: from socio-economic factors to the desire of families to provide their children with a more promising future. However, in connection with the increase in the number of minors migrating without parents or legal representatives, the study of foreign experience in the legal regulation of the situation of children when crossing national borders may have practical significance in predicting migration trends and their national regulation. The purpose of the study: to consider modern foreign approaches to ensuring the rights of the child during the migration of minors. Methods: When writing the article, the method of analyzing the current state of migration processes in countries with the largest number of arriving migrants was used. Foreign experience in forming legal protection for minors during migration was studied using the comparative legal method. The use of the formal legal method made it possible to identify the features and current state of legal regulation of the situation of migrants. Results: The data reviewed indicate an increase in restrictive tendencies of legal regimes for arriving migrants, including minors, whose constant influx is considered a threat to national security and requires tougher measures to enhance stability at state borders in opposition to the globalist trends of the last decade. Conclusions: International legal standards in the field of children’s rights oblige national states to form child protection systems based on the principles of best meeting the needs of minors for protection and well-being. However, the uncontrolled migration situation and the need to strengthen the security of national borders by strengthening border control measures are considered by national governments as sufficient grounds for derogation from accepted international legal obligations in the field of human rights and the rights of the child.

Introduction: the paper analyzes the forms of discretion in accordance with the classifications on various grounds proposed by domestic jurists. Judicial discretion is a concept in the Russian legal system that has long attracted the attention of legislators because of its importance to the work of the courts. However, the interpretation of this concept contains many ambiguities that remain relevant to this day. An attempt is made to generalize all forms into a single classification, and appropriate conclusions are drawn on the need for the legislative inclusion of the concept of judicial discretion. The necessity of a comprehensive study of forms of discretion is substantiated. The author’s methods: the methodological framework consists of the methods of historicism, systematics, and comparative law. Results: a unified classification of various forms of discretion is presented. Conclusions: as a result of the study, it is revealed that discretion can be classified in relation to hypothesis, disposition, factual circumstances, and legal consequences.

Introduction: the successful conduct of genetic research has allowed moving towards the introduction of individual approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. The widespread use of innovations, in turn, has required proper legal support for genetic testing, which is the basis of personalized medicine focused on the genetic characteristics of the patient. Despite the obvious benefits, the active dissemination of the designated medical service is associated with a number of diverse problems and risks, whose effective elimination is facilitated by a comprehensive and coordinated approach to building the legal regulation. Methods: the methodological framework for the work is made up of both the general scientific and specific scientific research methods. Results: the analysis of the concept and species diversity of genetic testing has allowed substantiating the complex nature of the service under study, identifying the interdependence of testing and medical genetic counseling (both preliminary and subsequent), and tracing a close connection with the legal regime of the genetic information obtained during its implementation. The paper determines that the specifics of this procedure require its isolation in the system of medical services in terms of the legal regulation. Expanded regulation will make it possible to clearly and in detail establish the conditions, restrictions, implementation procedure, and stages of its provision, including subsequent routing for the patient. This approach will make it possible to ensure the quality of the service, distribute the areas of responsibility of its performers, and create additional guarantees for the protection of genetic information. Conclusions: as a result of the study, it is concluded that it is necessary to build a multi-level system for regulating the “genetic testing” service, within which it is proposed to fix the fundamental provisions in the basic sectoral law, the parties, conditions, and algorithm of provision in a separate special law, and the features of some types may be reflected in the departmental acts accompanying certain areas and spheres of medical care activities. The complex nature of the service will determine the content of the legal regulation. The issue of the fate of the information additionally identified during testing that is not related to the original purpose of providing the service is subject to the regulatory resolution.

Introduction: the criminal procedure for the ending of inquiry is part of the mechanism that guarantees compliance with the rule of law, the exercise of individual rights during the preliminary investigation, and ensures the implementation of an unhindered trial. The insufficient legal regulation of the final stage of the inquiry leads to errors of a law enforcement nature and low quality of the investigation of cases, which indicates the relevance of the issue of ensuring the effectiveness of the procedure for completing the inquiry by drafting an indictment. The purpose of the study is to eliminate the doubts existing among the law enforcement agencies that arise at the final stage of the preliminary investigation in the form of an inquiry and to formulate proposals for improving the regulatory model of the considered stage of criminal proceedings. In the course of the study, such methods of cognition as the formal legal method in the form of a study of the norms of law, specifically the sociological and comparative law ones, were applied. Results: the paper formulates the conclusions and suggestions to improve the efficiency of the completion of the inquiry. Conclusions: the recommendations set out in the paper are aimed at eliminating the legislative defects, ensuring legal certainty in criminal procedure law, developing a uniform practice of conducting an inquiry, and can be used in the teaching of criminal procedure disciplines, as well as in the practical activities of employees of preliminary investigation bodies, prosecutors and courts.

Introduction: the 1920s and 1930s in the Soviet Union were marked by drastic changes in various social institutions, including demographic policy. After the overthrow of the old ways and the establishment of egalitarian principles, the Soviet government began a radical reassessment and transformation of family law. During this period, a number of measures were implemented aimed at regulating demographic processes, including population growth, migration and family planning. These measures were shaped by the ideological and economic imperatives of the Soviet state, which sought to create a socialist society and accelerate industrialization. The state-legal regulation of demographic policy in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s was characterized by a complex interaction of factors, including the legacy of the Russian Empire, the influence of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the pragmatic needs of the Soviet economy. The Soviet government, through a combination of legislative acts, administrative decrees and propaganda campaigns, sought to shape the demographic behavior of its citizens so that it would be more rational and effective in terms of reproductive choice. The purpose of the study is to reveal the main features of the state-legal regulation of demographic policy in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s, including the main legislative and administrative measures taken by the Soviet government, the ideological and economic context wherein these measures were implemented, as well as the impact of this policy on the demographic development of the Soviet Union. Methods: the methods of historicism, systematics, analysis and comparative law. Results: the study analyzes the main legislative and administrative measures of state-legal regulation of demographic policy in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. An attempt is made to comprehend the ideological and economic context wherein these measures were implemented, as well as their subsequent impact on the demographic development of the Soviet Union. Conclusions: during the period under review, the state took measures aimed at strengthening marriage as a legal institution, complicating the divorce procedure, and introducing moral norms into family relations. The interests of children and ensuring their well-being in the family were in the center of attention. However, these measures were not without contradictions. The attempts to restore traditional values in a rapidly changing society led to the fact that many citizens could not adapt to the new norms. All attempts to increase the birth rate without solving the underlying economic, political and social problems proved futile. The lack of appropriate regulatory legal acts, combined with the inconsistency of public policy with the interests of citizens, made these efforts ineffective. This flawed approach did not bring the desired demographic boost in the long run, which underscores the need for a more comprehensive and citizen-oriented strategy. Thus, the demographic policy in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s reflected a complex and contradictory process of restructuring moral and legal norms in accordance with the new conditions of development of society.

Introduction: the paper examines the current situation in the field of countering the shadow economy and the legalization of material assets. The authors argue that, to date, the fight against this type of crime, despite all the measures taken, aimed at creating conditions that complicate the process of legitimizing criminal assets and at identifying and bringing to justice the perpetrators, is not effective enough. In the process of identifying and qualifying socially dangerous acts related to money legalization, many problems arise, including the ambiguity of interpretations of the legal elements of the type of crime in question. The paper reveals the general characteristics of the legalization of property obtained by criminal means and formulates proposals concerning the clarification of their content. The purpose of the study is to consider the specifics of the legalization of property obtained by criminal means and formulate qualification rules that allow distinguishing legalization from other offenses. Methods: by applying the formal logical method of researching the legislation and materials of judicial practice and the synthesis and analysis of doctrinal positions, the authors have formulated the conclusions that are reflected in the paper. Results: the officially published statistical data analyzed in the paper indicate the prevalence of legalization of crime items today, on the one hand, and the latent nature of this criminal activity, on the other. In order to increase the effectiveness of countering the legalization of property obtained by criminal means, the authors’ definition of the concept of this criminal act is proposed. Conclusions: countering the shadow economy will be more effective if we consider the legalization of criminally obtained property as a type of organized crime, which should be distinguished from making a transaction with criminally obtained property for personal purposes and not for the purpose of legalization it and implementing criminal business.

Introduction: the article presents the results of a study of the problem of sectoral affiliation of legal norms established by land, forest, and water legislation. This problem became acute when, at the beginning of the 21st century, land, forest, and water legislation was re-codified without appropriate coordination with the provisions of civil legislation. This situation has been further aggravated by the scientific discussion on many issues of the system and structures of the legal legislation, in particular the issues of the objective conditionality of the system of law and the influence of the legislative system on the system of law. Ultimately, this has a negative impact on judicial practice and on the protection of the rights and interests of participants in the relevant legal relations. The purpose of the article is to recognize that objective factors influence the system and structure of law. It is not direct and does not exclude the legislator’s wide possibilities to influence the legal system. This means that the legislator’s prescriptions on preferential application of the relevant sectoral legislation to land, forest, and water relations (even if they comply with the signs of Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – C.C.R.F.), while maintaining the possibility of subsidiary application of the civil legislation to these relations, should not be refuted, and the relevant branches should be attributed not only to legislation (land, forestry, water), but also to law. The study was carried out using the method of analyzing legal norms. The results of the study are a determination of the sectoral affiliation of legal norms that are established by the land, forest, and water legislation. Conclusions: recognition of land, forest and water law as independent branches of law should inevitably entail the conclusion that in the process of regulating land, forest and water relations by legal norms established by acts of relevant legislation, even if we were talking about regulating such land, forest and water relations that have the signs specified in Article 2 of the C.C.R.F., land, forest and water relations will arise, respectively.