Local government and sub-national authorities increasingly rely on Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures to support smart municipal services such as traffic management, waste collection, public lighting and environmental monitoring. The reliability and security of these digital infrastructure are critical for effective local self-government, public service continuity and citizen trust. However, most municipal IoT deployments operate under strict resource constraints, making conventional security mechanisms impractical. This paper proposes a lightweight and secure mutual authentication framework designed for resource-constrained IoT devices used in local government and municipal service environments. By leveraging symmetric cryptographic primitives and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), the proposed approach enables secure device authentication without relying on computationally expensive DTLS handshakes. A state-based authentication mechanism is introduced to enhance resistance against replay, impersonation and denial of service attacks. Security analysis and experimental evaluation demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves strong protection against common attack vectors while maintaining low communication, storage and computational overhead. From a local self-government perspective, the proposed approach provides a practical security foundation for scalable and cost-effective deployment of IoT-based municipal services, supporting digital transformation at the sub-national level.

The quality of food packaging plays a significant role in determining the shelf life of consumer products. This is a good preservative that extends the shelf life of food. In some cases, food packaging may contain some defects, such as blow holes, holes, burrs, shrink defects, mold material defects, metal defects, metal defects, etc., which may affect the purity of the food. To avoid these issues, in this paper, an efficient automatic detection system using a deep learning (DL) algorithm is proposed. The proposed approach consists of two stages namely, pre-processing and defect detection. Initially, the images are collected from the dataset. Median filters are used to remove noise from the images. Once the pre-processing has been completed, the pre-processed images are given to the classifier. Optimised fully connected CNNs are proposed in this paper for classification. With adaptive reptile search optimization algorithm (ARSA), full-connected layer weight parameters are optimized for enhanced performance. The proposed algorithm effectively detects the problem and correctly segments the affected region. The performance of the proposed approach is analysed based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision.

A highly transparent semi-organic material, Bis(L-alaninato) Copper-II (BLALC), was successfully grown using a carefully controlled low-temperature solution growth method. The developed crystals underwent structural, optical, electrical, thermal, and third-harmonic generation studies. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was utilized to determine the lattice parameters and validate the crystalline characteristics of the synthesized compound. The presence of the characteristic functional groups in the grown crystal was verified by FT–IR and FT-RAMAN spectroscopy. Fluorescence studies showed that the compound exhibits a prominent green emission. Dielectric measurements were performed to understand the electrical response of the crystal. Thermal behavior and its stability to withstand the temperature were examined through TGA–DSC analysis, which provided insight into the decomposition temperature of the compound. The Z-scan technique was used to assess third-order nonlinear optical properties, validating its nonlinear characteristics under local Indian self-government chemical rules, 1989.

This study aims to examine the extent to which Algerian legislation recognises children's freedom of belief, reconciling foreign and domestic texts and respecting innate aspects that do not conflict with public order and public morals, considering that children's freedom of belief is moral in nature before being a legal obligation, and how this right is exercised, especially for foreigners, with regard to the practice of religious rites for non-Muslims, on the basis that Algeria has ratified the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and African and Arab international conventions, which required their inclusion in its constitutions, from the 1963 Constitution to the 2020 Constitution.

This study analyzes Algeria’s green hydrogen value chain in comparison with Germany’sadvanced model, focusing on renewable electricity generation, electrolysis, storage, transport,and end-use applications. Algeria possesses exceptional solar resources enabling low-costelectricity (0.025–0.035 USD/kWh) and potential green hydrogen production costs of 4–6USD/kg. However, challenges such as limited storage infrastructure, underdeveloped transportnetworks, nascent industrial demand, and incomplete regulatory frameworks constrain sectordevelopment. Germany, in contrast, combines higher renewable electricity costs (0.06–0.08USD/kWh) with mature storage systems, extensive pipeline networks, diversified industrialend-use, and supportive policies, providing a benchmark for integrated hydrogen deployment.Comparative analysis highlights Algeria’s strategic advantages and identifies critical gaps,informing the design of a comprehensive investment model.This model emphasizes domestic and foreign investment, public-private partnerships,technology transfer, and regulatory development to enable a sustainable, export-orientedhydrogen industry. The findings contribute to understanding the interplay between naturalresources, infrastructure, and policy in establishing a competitive green hydrogen sector,offering actionable guidance for transitioning from pilot projects to industrial-scaledeployment.

The current era is witnessing technological developments that have imposed themselves on all areas of life, including education. Its objectives, methods, and approaches have changed,and new terms and labels have emerged for modern learning methods: e-learning, distance learning, and digital learning. All of these methods explore the use of digital technology in the teaching and learning process Digital learning can be considered a new teaching method that delivers educational content and conveys skills and concepts to learners through information and communication technologies and their various media, enabling learners to actively interact with the content andthe teacher. Therefore, one of the objectives of this chapter is to introduce digital technology,the most important modern means and media in education, and their importance in promoting Arabic language teaching.

This paper analyzes the impact of brand philanthropic behaviors' causescope and consumers' cultural values on brand evaluations and the underlying mechanism. This research also investigates corporate internationalization degree as the moderating factorto propose practical strategies for brand managers.Three situational experiments were conducted by manipulating cause scope and cultural values to provide robust evidence for the proposed effects. The results show that transnational philanthropy (vs. national philanthropy) leads to more negative brand evaluations among guanxi-oriented consumers in the home-countries, while transnational philanthropy (vs. national philanthropy) leads to more positive brand evaluations of rules-oriented consumers. Moral elevation plays a mediating role in the interactive effects of cause scope and cultural values on brand evaluations. In order to improve brand evaluations, the negative impact of transnational philanthropy (vs. national philanthropy) on guanxi-oriented consumers' brand evaluations will be attenuated when brands adopt a strategy with a high degree of corporate internationalization.

Emir Abdelkader of Algeria stands among the historical figures who left a conspicuous imprintthrough his military and political struggle against the French colonial occupation. Yet, it is hisspiritual depth, advocacy of religious tolerance, and humane treatment of prisoners that inspireadmiration and respect, highlighting his ethical leadership and moral integrity.

The right to information, as a general legal principle, finds its framework in many fields,particularly those related to trade and economics, through the necessity of observing this rightwithin the framework of consumer protection under legal rules, especially in contexts thatwitness commercial exchanges and economic and commercial offers in which the forms ofgoods and merchandise displayed are numerous, including manufactured and semimanufactured goods, as well as others unfamiliar to the ordinary consumer due to the presenceof modern technological elements that have transformed the nature of the product, commodity,or merchandise offered for sale or marketing by the economic operator, whether national orforeign.The importance of the right to inform consumers—whether ordinary or professional—increaseswith the diversity and scope of attraction of economic or commercial events to participatingcountries, since the consumer, investor, or advertising and marketing companies retain theirlegal rights and guarantees to information prior to concluding various contracts (sale, transport,advertising, marketing, distribution, etc.). Therefore, the right to information as a consumerguarantee strongly asserts itself during the organization of economic and commercial eventsand becomes even more important when the event is international and more specialized.

This study seeks to reveal the extent to which separation anxiety contributes to the emergence of school refusal behavior, as well as to identify the levels of both separation anxiety and school refusal behavior among first-year primary school pupils. The clinical method was adopted, relying on case study, observation, interview, the Separation Anxiety Test by Aida and Al-Samiri Najah (2009), and the School Refusal Scale for children and parents, translated and standardized for the Arab context by researcher Hana Mazael Al-Dhahabi (2017). These tools were applied to three cases of first-year primary school pupils aged six years. The results concluded the following: Separation anxiety contributes to the emergence of school refusal behavior. A higher level of separation anxiety leads to a higher level of school refusal behavior.