THE LINGUISTIC IMAGE OF DEMOCRACY IN POLISH LANGUAGE
 The article attempts to reconstruct the linguistic image of DEMOCRACY in Polish language in accordance with the methodological assumptions of the “Lublin school of cognitive ethnolinguistics”. The material for analysis has been excerpted from three types of sources: dictionaries, surveys and texts. First, a set of fundamental defining features (“basic features”) of the concept of DEMOCRACY has been established, which focused on four aspects: political, social, ethical and economic. Second, using the operation of profiling, the author of the article outlined which sets of features are ascribed to DEMOCRACY in various types of Polish public discourse. Particular attention has been given to the following (basic) features of the analysed concept: power/majority rule, freedom, equality, tolerance and pluralism.

ON PHRASEMATICS IN WIKTOR STEFFEN’S SŁOWNIK WARMIŃSKI
 The aim of the article is describing and analysing phrasematics from Słownik warmiński. There are over two hundreds phrasemes and most of them are placed in quotes or in the author’s comments. The Author described the collected material using Lewicki’s phraseological division into types, including proverbs (e. g. Skumpi dubel traci) and showed sample phrasemes belonging to the thematic fields such as poverty and health, stupidity and wisdom, features of character, drinking alcohol, and violence. The last part of the article concerns the phenomenon of variance in dialects and it shows that a dialect can express the same thing in many different ways (eg. dressing up yourself or someone else excessively).

ON THE USE OF PICTOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS IN POP-CULTURAL SHORT TEXTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE HEART PICTOGRAM The article focuses on the use of pictographic elements in short texts of the pop-culture based on the example of the heart pictogram in the utterances which are built according to the pattern: ‘I ♥ ...’. It addresses two basic aspects of its use. The first one is the fact of combining two different semiotic codes: language and an iconic code in one sentence. This quite rare transsemiotic unit is understandable merely on the basis of an established convention, due to which the pictogram of a heart can be effortlessly encoded as `love’. The second aspect, which is also based on the convention, is the replaceability of the elements of a short text. It is especially plausible when the pictogram of a heart is replaced by other pictograms. However, after such a change, the primary meaning of the short text remains legible even if the implemented pictograms have an entirely different meaning.

CREATING A NEGATIVE IMAGE OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN POLISH-LANGUAGE SOVIET PROPAGANDAIN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (BASED ON THE MAGAZINE “BEZBOŻNIK WOJUJĄCY” [“MILITANT ATHEIST”]) The main issue discussed in this article is the negative image of religious institutions present in Polishlanguage propaganda in the interwar period. The research is based on the analysis of Polish-language Soviet magazine “Bezbożnik Wojujący”. It was published in USSR between 1929 and 1935. “Bezbożnik Wojujący” had some language variants (for example Georgian, Latvian, Russian, Ukrainian) and its main goal was anti-religious atheist propaganda among national minority communities. The magazine presented religious institutions as obscurantist, hypocritical, aimed at sabotage, and anti-Soviet. The objects of pejorativization included the Orthodox, Roman and Greek Catholic Churches, but also Protestants, members of locals sects, and certain Church initiatives such as the third order and the rosary circles. In the Soviet propaganda, which was based on Leninism, all religions were alien and hostile for working classes.

The article aims to present the process of forming the discursive function of the imperative form of the verb słuchać (słuchaj). These changes were presented as an example of the process of pragmaticalization. The analysis referred to contemporary and historical semantic context and the syntactic distribution of the form słuchaj. The author listed the conditions in which the form słuchaj should be acknowledged as a discourse marker. The diachronic viewing of the linguistic data attests that there were two triggers in the development of this new function: the regular (systemic) meaning of the imperative mood and the occurrences detached from the etymological meaning.

NOMINAL FORMATIONS WITH PÓŁ- IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (BASED ON LEXICAL MATERIAL) This article is dedicated to derivatives with the pół- unit that appears in general Polish. Such derivatives have already been the subject of researchers of Polish. In this text the author focused on two aspects: the morphological status of those derivatives and their historical development from the eldest times (the Old Polish period) until now. Contrary to appearances, not all derivatives with pół- are compounds. The analysis of their lexical and word-formation meanings leads one to the conclusion that many of them are simple derivatives in which the meaning of the pół- unit is far from the basic meaning, which is why it should be treated as a unit with the function of a prefix formant. Those formant meanings of pół- are of modification (more often) or mutation (more rarely) nature. The historical development of those derivatives is presented on the basis of lexical material. The derivatives have been functioning since the Old Polish times, but they have been changing both in terms of quality and quantity. SStp includes only 37 formations with pół-, but more and more of them appeared in later centuries. The highest increase in their number is noted in SW (almost a half of a thousand derivatives), after which their number has decreased (in SWJP there are 121 of them). Until now this has been a living and productive word-formation type. Three most important kinds of those formations have been distinguished in the historical perspective: 1) compounds with pół- meaning ‘a half’, which are relatively numerous and stable throughout the whole developmental period; 2) small categories (e.g. ‘one of two’, ‘the middle’, ‘a kind’), which are created by a small number of derivatives, but constitute their stem in that they are static in terms of quantity; 3) large and, at the same time, static categories, which are changing over time, i.e. they either significantly grow in number (‘not really’) or significantly decrease the number (‘a half with reference to measurements’ and exocentric compounds).

JAN BAUDOUIN DE COURTENAY: CAN HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY COMPETENTLY ADDRESS THEIR TASK WITHOUT A CLOSE CONNECTION WITH PHILOSOPHY, NAMELY PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE? The thesis by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay published here is probably the oldest of the texts by the Polish linguist. The text was submitted in 1864 as a part of the logic and philosophy course taught at the Warsaw Main School by Henryk Struve. It clearly shows an attempt by the young researcher to embark on a scholarly path, which turns out to be far from the one Baudouin de Courtenay took later in his academic activity. The future linguist argues here in defence of linguistics as a so-called physical science (a natural skill, as he often calls it in his dissertation), thus contrasting it with philology and history.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF PRAGMATEMES IN A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF POLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FRENCH PRAGMATEME TU M’EN DIRAS TANT!) This article deals with the lexicographic description of pragmatemes in a contrastive approach. In the first part, the author briefly reviews definitions of the denomination “pragmateme” in Polish and French-language linguistic literature, finally opting for a prototypical understanding of this term. The following chapters are devoted to presenting the concept of the projected multilingual dictionary of pragmatemes. Having outlined the main principles of the dictionary’s macro- and microstructure, the author proceeds to a detailed discussion of the dictionary entries for two Polish equivalents of the French pragmatic formula Tu m’en diras tant!: Co ty nie powiesz! and No nie mów!.

REMEMBRANCE OF JEWS IN THE GREAT DICTIONARIES OF THE POLISH LANGUAGE: RECONNAISSANCE: PART 1 Nine centuries of Polish-Jewish contacts in all spheres of life left a mark in Polish. The author of the article decided to check how significant and how durable this trace is, looking in the great dictionaries of the Polish language for units considered as carriers of memory of Jews. The author asks the question which prejudges the fact that a certain unit of language can be considered as a carrier of the memory of Jews and wonders in which linguistic forms this Jewish element can be manifested in dictionaries. The initial analysis included 240 carriers of memory (“verbal judaics”), sampled from journals, memoir literature and tourist guides edited after 2000, as well as two dictionaries intended for the mass audience: the Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Szymczak and Another Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Bańko. It turned out that these dictionaries recorded only 25% of the collected corps of verbal judaics, often depriving the definitions of these units of the Jewish component. The author reflects on the social consequences of this state of affairs and its relationship with the “collective narcissism” of the Polish society, and on the historical policy pursued by the Polish state.

AESTHETIC ACTS OF SPEECH AS A SUBJECT OF PRAGMALINGUISTICS: STATUS, FUNCTIONS, FORMS: PART 2 Aesthetic speech acts, i.e. affect-creating speech acts that are produced by the sender to make the receiver have an aesthetic experience, may be fulfilled in four different ways. They are produced by means of semantic content which is conventionally associated with beauty or ugliness. They may also be fulfilled through operations on the form and structure of a speech act. The next way is to produce them using a context that contains objects of aesthetic value. The last type of aesthetic speech acts arises when they are uttered in a specific, aesthetic manner.