Identification of the genus Cercospora is still complicated due to the host preferences of ten being used as the main criteria to propose a new name. We determined the r elationship between host plants and multilocus sequ ence variations (ITS rDNA including 5.8S rDNA, elongation factor 1-α, and calmodulin) in Cercospora spp. to investigate the host specificity. We used 53 strains of Cercospora spp. infecting 12 plant families for phylogenetic analysis. The sequences of 23 strains of Cercospora spp. infecting the plant families of Asteraceae , Cucurbitaceae , and Solanaceae were determined in this study. The sequences of 30 strai ns of Cercospora spp. infecting the plant families of Fabaceae , Amaranthaceae , Apiaceae , Plumbaginaceae , Malvaceae , Cistaceae , Plantaginaceae , Lamiaceae , and Poaceae were obtained from GenBank. The molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of Cercospora species lack host specificity, and only C. zinniicola , C. zeina , C. zeae -maydis , C. cocciniae , and C. mikaniicola were found to be host-specific. Closely related species of Cercospora could not be distinguished using molecular analyse s of ITS, EF, and CAL gene regions. The topology of the phylogenetic tree based on the CAL gene showed a better topo logy and Cercospora species separation than the trees developed based on the ITS rDNA region or the EF gene.

Non-saponifiable lipid (NSL) of the fresh leaves and roots from two salt-secretor mangrove species, namely Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco and Avicennia alba Bl. and two non-secretor mangroves, i.e. Acrostichum aureum L. and Excoecaria agallocha L. was analyzed with special emphasize to triterpenoids and phytosterols. Identification of the triterpenoids and phytosterols was confirmed by comparison of their retention time on the GC column with those of authentic standards and on the interpretation of GC-MS spectra. Triterpenoids and phytosterols comprised the major proportion of NSL. The triterpenoids and phytosterols mainly consisted of 7 and 4 compounds. Triterpenoids were the largest constituent of Ac. aureum and Ae. corniculatum leaves and roots, and E. agallocha roots. In contrast to these triterpenoids-rich species, phytosterols were relatively dominant in the roots of Av. alba. The species of Av. alba and E. agallocha in the leaves were distinguished from the others in that both species contained a larger quantity of phytol. Ae. corniculatum contained a large amount of betulin and α-amyrin in the roots, as well as lupeol in the roots of Av. alba. The diversity in the NSL composition noted with mangrove species in both the leaves and roots suggested that NSL of mangrove leaves and roots can be used as chemotaxonomical character to differentiate species.

In this study, mullite synthesized from aluminum nitrate hydrate [(Al(NO3)3.9H2O] and silica sol from rice husk was subjected to sintering treatment at temperatures of 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C, and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), followed by Rietveld refinement, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results indicated that in the sample sintered at 900 °C, no mullite phase was identified, but crystoballite and alumina were well detected. The formation of mullite started at temperature of 1000 °C and continued to grow at higher temperatures, resulted in increased weight percentage (wt%) from 62.62 to 92.29%, while crystoballite and alumina decreased from 22.42 to 1.25% and from 77.58 to 6.46 % respectively. A good correlation was found between the calculated and observed unit cells. For mullite phase, the unit cell dimensions are a = 7.545 nm, b = 7.689 nm and c = 2.884 nm, for crystoballite a = b = 0.5531 nm and c = 0.6923 nm, and for alumina a = b = 0.5026 nm, and c = 1.2808 nm. The DTA analyses revealed that in the untreated sample, only alumina and silica were detected, while in the sintered samples we found the existence of mullite, alumina, and crystoballite.

Development of multi material mechanical parts is constantly undertaken to increase functional aspectsas well as life cycle.One example is the use of bimaterial which is widely used as a temperature contactor. This paper presents mechanical, physical properties and geometric distortion of Cu-Ni indirect sintering products used to develop Cu-Ni bimaterial products. The experiment was executed with the following method: firstly, Cu and/or Ni powders were deposited into cast iron powder as the supporting powder. Secondly, it was heated in a furnace with varying temperatures of 870C, 900C and 930C with a holding time of four hours. Lastly, deposition orientation was varied to observe the effect on the occurence of shrinkage.To initiate the multi materials sintering process, single material sintering was performed to observe the physical and mechanical properties. Based onprevious work, multi material sintering of Cu and Ni powders was conducted. The experiment results showed that the geometric distortion of the sintering products was influenced by deposition orientation. The Cu and Ni products shrinkage were 49% and 35.33%, respectively. Although the melting temperature of Cu and Ni is close, the binding mechanism of the sintered product did not occur. The significant difference of shrinkage levelswas the main factor for the binding mechanism failure between Cu and Ni materials.

In the framework of exploitation of antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes in Papua, one hundred isolates ofActinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples from various ecosystems in Batanta and Salawati Island, RajaAmpat, West Papua were screened. We obtained 200 crude extracts from 100 isolates based on two extraction phases.Nonpolar metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1) solvent while the polar metabolites wereconcentrated using a freeze-drying method. Based on the agar dilution method, a total of 43 from 200(21.5%) crudeextracts have antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594 andSaccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Some crude extracts showed anti-Gram negative (1.5%), anti-Gram positive(17%) and antifungal (17%) activities. Crude metabolites which were extracted using ethyl acetate : methanol weremore effective on antimicrobial activity (35%) compared with water extraction (17%). Five most potential isolates (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, and Sl-36-1) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Sequencesimilarity search by BLAST program revealed that they show sequence similarities to Streptomyces kanamyceticus(92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), andStreptomyces hygroscopicus (96%), respectively.

Herbal plants ha ve been believe d by Indonesian s to be an alternative medicine to treat illnesses . The bioactive compound s in the plant can be derived from secondary metabolites or from endophytic and phyllosphere bacteria which coexist with in medicinal plants . A total of 18 endophytic bacteria and 32 phyllosphere bacteria were isolated from the herbal plants of Citrus sp ., Pluchea indica, Curcuma longa, Nothopanax scuttelarium, Piper crocatum, and Andrographis paniculata . About 72% of endophytic bacteria isolates have proteolytic activity and about 11% have lipolytic activity. On the other hand, about 59% of phyllosphere bacteria isolates have proteolytic activity and about 19% have lipolytic activity. Phylogenetic diversity analysis was conducted by using the amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) method and the s equence of 16 S rDNA was digested with e ndonuclease restriction enzyme s: MspI, RsaI, and Sau961 . The diversity of endophytic and phyllosphere b acteri um from the samples of herbal plants was high. Bacteria isolated from the same herbal plant does not always have a close genetic relationship except for the bacteria isolated from the P. i ndica plant which showed a close genetic relationship with each other. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Keywords: endophyt ic bacteria , herbal plants , lipolytic, p h yllosphere bacteria, proteolytic Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Spermatozoa Quality from Polyscias guilfoylei . In our study, we investigated the effect of extract Polyscias guilfoylei L.H. Bailey leaves on spermatozoa quality in rabbits. The experiment used 18 male rabbits from New Zealand white strain which were devided randomly into three groups. Group I was normal control group, Group II and III were given the extract of Polyscias guilfoylei leaves in these following doses: 327.56 mg/1.5 kg body weight and 655.2 mg/1.5 kg bw. The extract was given orally once a day, continuously for 8 weeks. Semens from the rabbit was taken every two weeks and were observed over the quality and consentration of spermatozoa. The result of the research showed that the extract of Polyscias guilfoylei leaves with dosage of 327.56 mg/1.5 kg bw and 655.2 mg/1.5 kg bw could decrease the consentration and the quality of spermatozoa of the male rabbits. Keywords: Polyscias guilfoylei, quality and concentration of spermatozoa

Graft Copolymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide on Cellulose Film Induced by UV-Irradiation and its Characterization. The effect of monomer and initiator concentrations, graft polymerization temperature, polymerization system and organic solvents on photografting of N-isopropylacrylamide on regenerated cellulose films (thickness = 20 µm) in UV irradiation were investigated. The higher percentage of grafting was afforded for the system with the higher monomer and initiator concentration. The photografting initiated even in the system at 30 °C by using a longer irradiation time. It was found that the maximum percentage of grafting was attained at 2.5 (%Vol) of methanol/acetone in the mixed solvent. The resulting NIPAAm-grafted cellulose films were characterized by attenuated total-reflection IR spectroscopy, showed a peak at 1640 and 1550 cm -1 due to the amide groups of the NIPAAm-grafted chains. According to scanning electron microscopy characterization, the grafted chains was found to distribute inside the film sample even in the grafted films with lower percentage of grafting. The grafted samples showing a temperatureresponsive character swelling and shrinking in water at 5 °C and 50 °C, respectively.

Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Sinking of Jakarta in Relation with Building Construction Namely Megacity Load . The Jakarta city which lies on low coastal plain is home of over ten millions mof people. The number of population has been growing together with the constructions of high rise buildings. The buildings with all of the materials and people who live and use them together with continuous ground water extraction have resulted in undergone dramatic subsidence and other following negative impacts such as permanent flooding. This paper explicitly propose a hypothesis that the total weight of the megacity and the population tends to cause subsidence in coastal area and the charge in the earth isostasi, as well as in earth rotation. Keywords: building construction, coastal zone, ground water extraction, Jakarta, megacity load, negative impact, subsidence