Dry Eye Disease is a condition that affects the surface of the eye and is characterized by an imbalance in the tear film.Those who suffer from the disease usually deal with symptoms such as irritation, changes in sight, and inflammation.This review inspects diagnostic and treatment techniques currently in use.It is based on recent clinical findings and technological developments.Tools such as dry eye questionnaires simplify symptom quantification, while Schirmer testing, tear breakup time, and surface staining remain the main objective measures.Present-day treatments range from favored artificial tears and topical anti-inflammatory medicaments (e.g., cyclosporine, lifitegrast) to novel secretagogues (e.g., varenicline nasal spray, diquafosol), lipid-enhancing agents (e.g., perfluorohexyloctane), and biologic therapies (e.g., autologous serum).Adjunct procedures like thermal pulsation, intense pulsed light, and punctal occlusion have often worked well in stubborn cases.Further, emerging modalities, such as neurostimulatory and nervetargeted treatments, offer potential for managing neuropathic components of dry eye disease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-term autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves.This causes inflammation and damage, leading to symptoms like muscle stiffness, pain, and trouble with balance.Standard medications such as baclofen or tizanidine can help, but they don't always work for everyone and often come with unwanted side effects.Medical cannabis has been gaining attention as an alternative way to manage MS symptoms, especially spasticity.The body's endocannabinoid system plays a big role in multiple sclerosis, helping to protect nerves, calm inflammation, and keep the immune system in check.One of the most common cannabis-based treatments is nabiximols, a mouth spray that contains a balanced mix of THC (-9tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol).Research shows it can help reduce how stiff or painful muscles feel, particularly for people who haven't had much success with regular treatments.It may also improve sleep, though the improvements measured in clinical tests are sometimes modest.Cannabis-based treatments are generally well tolerated.The most common side effects, like dizziness or tiredness, are usually mild.Still, it's important to watch for potential interactions with other medications and to be cautious if someone has heart or mental health issues.Overall, cannabinoids offer a useful option for people with MS who are struggling with symptoms that don't respond to conventional treatments.

Imbalanced redox homeostasis, known as oxidative stress (OS), underpins the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Because of their high oxygen consumption and postmitotic state, neurons are exceptionally prone to injury by reactive oxygen species (ROS).This review aims to analyze the evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the development of AD, from its molecular basis to clinical implications.A review of the literature (including PubMed over the last 13 years) indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction, the principal source of ROS in the cell, is a central and early phenomenon that may even precede classic A pathology.The stress generated enters a vicious cycle with the A peptide; A itself (especially in complexes with metals) can generate ROS, which in turn intensifies its aggregation.OS also promotes tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to the formation of NFTs.The effects of this cascade are multi-level: from lipid peroxidation and membrane damage (e.g., by HNE), through protein oxidation resulting in an energy crisis, to nucleic acid damage, with particular sensitivity of mtDNA.The result is a breakdown of calcium homeostasis and excitotoxicity, leading to neuronal death.Despite such a strong theoretical basis, translating this knowledge into effective clinical interventions has proven problematic.Clinical trials using antioxidants (vitamins E and C, CoQ10) have failed to show any effect on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers or on slowing disease progression.The potential of polyphenols (e.g., curcumin, EGCG), although strong in vitro, is drastically limited by their negligible bioavailability.

Fracture healing is a complex physiological process, highly sensitive to the precise balance between mechanical stability and biological stimulation.Traditional orthopedic treatments, usually centered on mechanical fixation methods, rarely address such biological deficiencies as impaired vascularization or an insufficient osteogenic activity.In order to improve bone regeneration, this study examines the new idea of hybrid therapies, which combine biomaterials with biologic interventions including stem cells, growth hormones, and gene-based techniques.The integration of mechanical and biological strategies has been shown to accelerate osteogenesis, shorten healing time by up to half compared to conventional methods, and improve the quality and durability of bone repair.Clinical translation is limited to date by immune response challenges, manufacturing complexity, and high costs.Continued development in the areas of biocompatible materials, scalable production techniques, and cost-effective personalization may allow such innovative therapies to become a new standard in fracture management, offering accelerated recovery and enhanced patient outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a life threatening complication of hyperthyroidism, characterized by sudden onset muscle weakness and profound hypokalemia.Its dignosis is delayed, mainly in non-Asian populations or in the absence of overt thyrotoxic symptoms.This case report aims to found the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of TPP and fortify the importance of early recognition.Case Presentation: A 37 year old Asian male presented with acute flaccid quadriparesis and severe hypokalemia (K 1.14 mEq,L).Initial ECG show sinus tachycardia and QTc prolongation.He had no known thyroid disease, but the presentation raised suspicion for TPP.Hypomagnesemia and thyrotoxicosis detected in laboratory findings.The patient was treated with IV and oral potassium, magnesium sulfate, and propranolol, which result in rapid clinical improvement.He was discharged with plans of long-term management of thyrotoxicosis.This case indicate the pathophysiology of TPP of thyroid hormone induced Na,K ATPase hyperactivity leading to intracellular potassium shifts.Conclusion: TPP should be considered in all patients presenting with acute muscle weakness and hypokalemia, regardless of ethnicity or overt thyroid symptoms.To prevent morbidity and recurrence, early diagnosis, cautious potassium repletion, betablocker therapy, and definitive treatment of thyrotoxicosis are essential.

In recent years, the popularity of alternative nicotine delivery systems (ANDS)including electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs), nicotine pouches, snus, and nicotine gums-has rapidly increased, particularly among adolescents and young adults.This review summarizes current literature regarding the composition and toxicity of aerosols generated by e-cigarettes and other ANDS, emphasizing their cytotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory effects.Researchers increasingly discuss the potential of these products to induce both acute conditions (e.g., EVALI) and chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma).The review places special focus on the toxicity of flavoring agents and the disproportionate risks faced by vulnerable populations, particularly youth.In Europe, approximately 12-15% of adolescents report regular e-cigarette use, with increasing consumption of other products such as snus and nicotine pouches.While ANDS may reduce certain risks compared to combustible cigarettes, accumulating evidence demonstrates that they are not harmless.Further longitudinal and comparative studies are necessary to comprehensively assess the health impacts of these diverse nicotine delivery products.

Postpartum depression is a mental disorder that affects approximately 10-20% of women after childbirth.Despite such high prevalence, the exact etiology is unknown, but it is definitely multifactorial and involves changes in hormone levels, genetic predisposition, environmental stressors, and possibly immunological factors.Early detection and incorporation of appropriate treatment are of great importance for proper child development and the well-being of the mother.The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding risk factors of postpartum depression (PPD), its effect on child development, and available diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.

Electronic cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is an acute, noninfectious pulmonary syndrome linked to recent use of electronic nicotine-delivery systems and THC-containing vaping products, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults.Clinically, patients usually present with a range of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms, while laboratory tests often reveal elevated inflammatory markers.In this review, the authors conducted a systematic review of original research, including clinical cohorts, epidemiological investigations, computed tomography (CT) pattern studies, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) toxicant analyses, experimental cell models, and prospective follow-up.The researchers identified relevant literature through database searches (PubMed; Google Scholar) to synthesize the most current evidence.Imaging studies such as chest CT most frequently disclose organizingpneumonia-spectrum patterns with bilateral ground-glass opacities and subpleural or lobular sparing.Analysis of BAL fluid samples discloses the presence of vitamin E acetate (VEA), which appears to be one of the possible damaging factors.Additionally, experimental cell models demonstrated that similar substances may cause an inflammatory response, injury to alveolar epithelium, and surfactant dysfunction.Management should focus on the immediate cessation of vaping, symptomatic treatment, and administering selective systemic corticosteroids once infection is reasonably excluded.In severe cases, patients may require intensive care therapy.Although short-term survival is generally favorable with contemporary care, a substantial subset of survivors report persistent respiratory, cognitive, and mental health sequelae at one year.Despite these insights, evidence remains largely observational and heterogeneous; prospective, standardized studies are essential for validation biomarkers and evaluating structured survivorship interventions.