Tourism plays a major role in many countries in terms of its contribution to economic, social, and cultural development, creating more job opportunities and increasing the country's economic recovery. Similarly, rural tourism can be a driving force for many rural economies through its contribution to strengthening the economy in rural areas, improving living standards, achieving economic, social, environmental, cultural, and urban development, reducing rural migration, and preserving the character of traditional rural life and traditional agricultural heritage and heritage. Urban housing for traditional rural housing, and the severity of these problems differ from one country to another according to the degree of development in this country, as it constitutes a general characteristic of the countryside. In the countryside of Dohuk governorate in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, where the lack of public and agricultural services and the absence of serious rural development plans to raise the level of the rural family economically, and by addressing the problems and obstacles that the study area suffers from, as in the case of the countryside of the Middle East and developing countries, it will encourage families to stay in the countryside and reverse migration from Urban to the city because of the temptations to improve living after supporting the main agricultural income with additional income after the implementation of sustainable rural tourism in the village. Where it is likely that rural tourism will have an effective role to solve the rural problems in the province of Dohuk in the Kurdistan region of Iraq to provide the basic ingredients for its success)

Determination of negative skin friction force and The neutral plan is one of the challenges which face geotechnical engineers. Unfortunately, negative skin friction decreases the bearing capacity of pile because of the extra compressive force on the pile. In this research, a 3D FE models were used to investigate the behavior of single pile and pile group in soft soil for surcharge load as embankment fill. And what are the differences that will happen on the behavior of single and pile group. For embankment fill load, the maximum group effect is the center pile and the corner pile observed the minimum group effect. The depth of the neutral plan for center pile is less than observed in the corner pile. A simple parametric study has been done to study the group effect. Spacing to diameter ratio (S/D) in the pile group had changed in a view solution to develop the pile group effect. Increasing the ratio of spacing to diameter keep the group behaves as a single pile in large S/D. Besides, there is maximum effective spacing to diameter ratio taken into consideration, its behavior as a single pile behavior

Recently, all efforts have been directed toward keeping the network functional at a high level by determining the appropriate maintenance or rehabilitation (M & R) treatment

Egyptian cities suffer from the spread of informal areas, which include many urban and environmental problems. The government makes efforts to upgrade the informal areas. Yet these efforts lack the sustainability dimension. Thus, the paper aims to create a reference framework for the upgrading of informal settlements to create sustainable communities. By suggesting elements for assessing sustainability that help to upgrade informal settlements and involving users in the priority problem-solving to include Egypt's 2030 Vision. The main research problem is the absence of sustainability in urban upgrading projects of informal settlements areas. The research methodology depends on the theoretical, analytical, and applied approaches; the theoretical approach reviews the definition of slums and informal settlements, studies Egypt’s 2030 Vision and the previous literature on the sustainable development of informal settlements to conclude criteria for assessing sustainable informal settlements , and then uses the analytical approach to analyze two informal settlements in Egypt, which Fayoum governorate, El Alwaia and al- Hakora areas, The reference framework is then applied to these areas to measure their effectiveness. The research concludes that informal settlements in Egypt need to apply sustainability principles to solve their problems, it is difficult for informal settlement dwellers to pay the cost of using solar cells and some sustainability applications, so developers and the government must sponsor and help implement sustainability in informal settlements. Some users practice some sustainability applications without realizing it, such as selling waste (cartons and plastics), but there is no waste separation, which makes it difficult for the individuals who work there.

A life-cycle-cost (LCC) is a powerful tool used to make economic decisions for construction building. LCC is a practice of accounting for all expenditures incurred over the lifetime of a particular structure. Costs at any given time are discounted back to a fixed date, based on assumed rates of inflation and the time-value of money. This study investigates the feasibility of obtaining an accurate deep learning prediction model of building LCC by applying historical data of similar projects. The applied LCC input and output criteria are gathered from previous literature studies. The input criteria are building area, floor height, no. of floors, structure & envelope type, building age, and year of built. The output categories include the relevant costs initial cost, operating and maintenance cost, environmental impact cost, and the end of life, each of them have its criteria. An electronic questionnaire of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is developed to weight the selected criteria to be ready for the prediction model. Only 37 responses were received from Egypt and from outside Egypt and we excluded five of them to achieve the consistency. The Deep Belief network is developed with Restricted Boltzmann machine hidden layers based on 312 training data set of input and output criteria. Three case studies are devoted to validating on the assumption modelling procedures. The probability distributions of each case study predicted outputs are investigated by using statistical regression methodology.

One of the most important issues and challenges nowadays in Egypt is how to provide enough water for current and future needs. The great population growth, agricultural consumption, climate change, limited freshwater resources, and welfare lifestyle require more water. All these factors push the Egyptian policy to search for additional water resources. One of the considerable water resources is the treated wastewater that has been used in irrigation under some restrictions. However, the use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation may have negative health effects if its properties were deviated from the allowable standards. This study considers Egyptian standards, regulations, and limitations for using treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation, in comparison to other nations around the world. The study discusses the related treated wastewater quality parameters for irrigation, including physio-chemical controls and agronomic controls. The results revealed that the Egyptian code (ECP 501/2015) is highly compatible with the regulations of other countries, but there are some differences. These differences are allowable because (ECP 501/2015) prohibited the use of treated wastewater in irrigating raw vegetable crops. Finally, the acceptable chemical, physical, and agronomic properties of treated wastewater for agricultural applications in Egypt have to be more studied to make the best use of treated wastewater.

The texture of machined surfaces can be predicted from knowledge of the vibratory behaviour of the machine-tool-workpiece system. This study is initiated to develop a generalized computer based simulation for predicting surface roughness for and given conditions which takes into consideration the important parameters influencing the dynamic behaviour of the machine-tool-workpiece system. The parameters considered in the simulation are: machining variables, tool and workpiece variables, and the mass, stiffness and damping of the machine-tool-piece system. Matlab SimulinkTM is used to interactively perform the simulation in a user-friendly, effective and efficient manner. The effects of machining variables and tooling characteristics on the surface generation are investigated through simulations. Turning trials have been carried out to evaluate and validate the presented approach and simulations. The proposed approach contributes to comprehensive and better understanding of the machining system and is promising for industrial applications with particular reference to the optimization of the machining process based on the product/component surface functionality requirements.

Our fast society cureates the desire for increasing train speeds to compete other transport modes. This paper discusses the influence of increasing maximum speed on the alignment, turnouts and capital costs. The unpleasant influence of centrifugal force which is developed when trains are passing on curved tracks made it necessary to take care of its alignment. The maximum speed should be defined as a function of cant, non-compensated centrifugal acceleration, and curve radius. For aerodynamic considerations, track centre spacing must be increased to avoid extra pressure on train sides. Turnouts must be studied in form of tangent switch rails, transition curve, small angle of crossings and movable frogs. Advantages and disadvantages of braking types must be discussed. Shoe, disc and rheostatic brakes are to be considered, and sipping problems caused by poor adhesion between wheels are rails have also to be discussed. The automatic train control system, laying and maintenance tolerances, and economic aspects are among the main points to be studied. New graphical and analytical relations to evaluate the effect of increasing speed on cant, curve radius and on the non-compensated centrifugal acceleration are shown. Hopefully these relations can help the designer either in choosing the alignment parameters or to improve the alignment for increasing speed on curved tracks. Finally, important formulae, tables and set of recommendation are presented.

Coastal areas have highly productive economic values for its residents, with huge potentials in fisheries and marine resources. The human factor with social capitals is vital potential in these coastal areas. The inhabitants work on fishing activities, intermediary traders, and other coastal related businesses. However, some of these areas are characterized with unplanned areas, poor livelihood, deteriorated buildings, with no green or public spaces. Moreover, these areas also suffer due to its far locations from cities’ centers and their eliminating from the urban development plans. In general, these problems have transformed them into coastal informal areas. Previous studies proved that there is no common methodology for dealing with coastal informal areas in Egypt. Furthermore, there is a gap between development plans and realities as they only focus on urban upgrading without considering participatory approaches, human factor, or spatial characteristics. Hence, this paper aims to formulate a strategy for achieving urban sustainability in the upgrading of coastal informal areas using a participatory approach. A comparative analysis is carried out for three coastal case studies in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Egypt to evaluate the impacts of urban upgrading using a participatory approach according to the dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. Finally, the evaluation ends with recommendations for a participatory framework to attain sustainable upgraded coastal informal areas in Egypt. The proposed framework forms of eight drivers for attaining sustainability; economic inclusion, financial sustainability, cultural preservation, spatial inclusion, social and human capital, quality of life, environmental quality, and urban management.