Dormancy is a blockage to germination and represents an adaptive mechanism that allows papaya seed to delay its emergence. Rhizobacteria improve plant growth in several ways, phytohormone production, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and increase root morphology. The present investigation was conducted to determine the efficiency of rhizobacteria (PGPR's) Pseudomona protegens (CHA0) and Pseudomona putida (BMR 2-4) inoculated within three bioformulates to be evaluated within the percentage of germination, increase of absorbing hairs using rhizotrons and seedlings under consortia or in combination of phosphorus fertilizers. Under in-vitro conditions, BIOIMPULSE co-inoculation was very effective in increasing germination percentage with an average of 80%. In rhizotrons, a greater increase in absorbing hairs of 5.67 mm and root area of 0.86 mm2 per BIOIMPULSE was exhibited, comparable to the treatment with AIA (25 mg/mL). In seedlings, BIOIMPULSE is highly effective in improving root morphology and height by emendando 5 g/L phosphorus was observed Ø hypocotyl dimensions between (5.12 to 4.62 mm) and functional leaves (9.75 to 11.75). BIOIMPULSE modifies root functioning, improves plant nutrition, and influences vegetative physiology, being versatile over all other bioformulates by increasing the germination percentage, early appearance of root hairs and root growth in the presence of phosphorus fertilizers. This means that they can be useful to reduce the cost of chemical fertilizers.

There are different types of berries, one of the best-known, nutritious and important is the blueberry. The modern processing of these fruits guarantees high quality, better marketing of the product and an estimate of its useful life. The aim of this review was to provide scientific information on the physicochemical characteristics of different berries using hyperspectral imaging technology and digital imaging. These technologies present trends with satisfactory results in various technological and research fields. The findings obtained show that hyperspectral imaging technology and digital imaging technology have been of great interest in recent years, because they are non-destructive technologies, which allow good predictions in the detection of anomalies in berries, considering them Robust, reliable tools with high potential for use in the large industry in evaluating the quality of berries, making it possible to offer more suitable products for the consumer. With the advancement of technology, new possibilities for future studies are presented to obtain models that are faster to process and with greater statistical precision.

Cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) is native to the Amazon and is frequently associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This association influences nutrient uptake and tolerance to host water stress. However, AMF of cacao hasbeen little studied in Peru.This study aims to identify morphologically the natural diversity of AMF in native cacao plantations in the Amazon region, Peru. Forty-four rhizospheric soil samples were collected in the provinces of Bagua and Utcubamba, the main native fine aroma cacao producing provinces of Peru. We isolated fifty-seven AMF spore morphotypes in terms of size, color and shape. These spores were identified to genus level: Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Funneliformis, Rhizophagus, Scutellospora, Sclerocystis, Diversisporaand Rhizoglomus. Glomusand Acaulosporawere the most abundant and frequently isolated AMF. The great diversity of AMF found in Bagua and Utcubamba opens a door for further studies of this important group of fungi in cocoa cultivation.

Aquaculture industries have grown recently, but there is still a lack of information on culture techniques for the early life stages of Pyropia sp. (Rhodophyta). This research aimed to determine the optimum concentration of Bayfolan® brand commercial sources of essential nutrients and La Molina® A and B hydroponic solution, for the growth and development of the "conchocelis" stage of Pyropia. The phase was investigated under conditions of temperature 15.03 ±0.31 °C, salinity 36.05 ±0.23 PSU, electrical conductivity 55.95 ± 0.14 mS/cm, irradiance 15.93 ±0.03 µmol m-2 s-1 and subjected to different treatments and control with Bayfolan® fertilizers and hydroponic solution A and B La Molina. Likewise, the results obtained were the maximum Nitrate uptake with Bayfolan® fertilizer and La Molina Hydroponic Solution with 0.1465 mM and 1.369 mM and Phosphate presenting a maximum uptake 0.0312 mM and 0.053 mM, respectively. The experiments were evaluated in a LED germination chamber (TE-4020 Tecnal) programmed for a time interval of 800 hours of settlement of Cigotospora for its growth to conchocelis; in addition, the comparison of means was performed by a Tukey test with a value of p ≥ 0.05, obtaining a growth on the substrate of 4.15 mm2 with the La Molina solution and 1.54 mm2 with the Bayfolan® Solution, but with different coverage of conchocelis on the substrate 49.75% y 63.09%. Leaving as evidence that the growth of "Conchocelis" is cultivated in vitro with commercial fertilizers, a strategy for a sustainable industry of "nori" in Peru.

La determinación del intervalo post mortem a través de la evidencia entomológica es un método muy utilizado para el esclarecimiento de crímenes en entomología forense. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la entomofauna cadavérica y la biodiversidad ecológica asociadas a los restos de Sus scrofa domestica L. El trabajo se realizó en el centro poblado de Chuyugual, La Libertad, se utilizó un ejemplar de “cerdo” de 15 kg, fue incinerado con petróleo diésel y protegido con una jaula de malla metálica. La colecta de los insectos se hizo con las técnicas entomológicas convencionales, determinando las especies con claves taxonómicas especializadas; para la determinación del valor ecológico de entomofauna cadavérica y familias más representativas se usaron los índices de Margalef, Simpson, Shanon y Pielou. La entomofauna encontrada se distribuyó en 2 ordenes, 7 familias, 12 especies y 4 morfotipos. El 35% de abundancia relativa corresponde a la familia Calliphoridae, el 23% pertenecen a los Sarcophagidae, el 18% a los Staphilinidae y el 6% a las familias Musidae, Fannidae, Dermestidae y Silphidae. La biodiversidad es alta en índices de dominancia e índice de Pielou; sin embargo, es baja en índices de riqueza específica y equidad de Shanon. La familia Calliphoridae, tiene índices de diversidad alto; en tanto que, los Sarcophagidae y Staphilinidae muestran índice moderado y bajo, respectivamente. Se concluyó que la entomofauna encontrada en la descomposición de Sus scrofa domestica pertenecen al orden díptera (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae y Fannidae) y coleóptera (Staphilinidae, Silphidae y Dermestidae).

Bursera graveolens ((Kunth) Triana & Planch, 1872) is an important component of traditional Peruvian medicine and is known for its repellent properties against mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovicidal-larvicidal, larvicidal, and repellent properties of the essential oil of B. graveolens on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), called dengue mosquito, mummy mosquito or yellow fever mosquito. The concentrations to evaluate the ovicidal-larvicidal effect were 0.01%; 0.02%; 0.03% and 0.04%, for the larvicidal effect 0.01%; 0.02%; 0.03%; 0.04%; and 0.05% and for repellency against adults the concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The tests were carried out with colony populations of A. aegypti developed in the Entomological Research Laboratory of the National University of Tumbes. Under laboratory conditions, the essential oil of B. graveolens shows ovicidal-larvicidal activity of 100% at a concentration of 0.04%, larvicidal activity of 100% at 0.05% and in the case of adult repellency at 30 minutes, concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100%. In conclusion, the essential oil of the species under study could be useful for the control of populations of A. aegypti and other mosquitoes, as an environmentally friendly alternative.

The world's most destructive citrus problem is Huanglongbing, a bacterial disease caused by CandidatusLiberibacter spp. The Asian psyllid, Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae), its main vector in the Americaswas detected in Ecuador in 2013 and although the disease has not been reported, it is necessary to prepare for the eventual arrival of the Huanglongbing. In order to collect information about D. citriin Ecuador, searches were carried out through different databases on research on the pest in the country. The results show that D.citriis present in 10 of the 24 Ecuadorian provinces, whose biology studies indicated a cycle length of 16 days. Twenty natural enemy taxa (two parasitoids and 18 predators) were detected. Laboratory studies indicate the short cycle of the main parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), which gives it attributes as a natural enemy. The population fluctuations ofthe pest and parasitism refer to the importance of these biological agents, which could be used in management programs for this pest. Research also mentions the high use of chemical insecticides among citrus growers, which could have a negative impact on the establishment of biological control programs.

The monitoring of contaminants that affect the safety of primary agricultural foods began in 2011 in Peru. A documentary review of the monitoring reports published on the website of the National Agricultural Health Service of Peru (SENASA) was carried out between the years 2011 to 2020, however there was no complete information about concentration of unauthorized pesticides (UP) in relation to the maximum limit of residues and by geographic region, and type of pollutant, particularly the years 2019 and 2020, so the analysis is restricted to the period 2011-2018 verifying the use of no less than 20 unauthorized pesticides of which a minimum of two have been made. applications per crop, being the crops with the highest use of UP: lemon (7 UP); tomato, mandarin and grapes (5 UP); banana (4 UP); and oranges and pallar (3 UP), being chlorpyrifos and carbendazim the UP that were used in up to five crops, which would be explained by their wide spectrum of action. Monitoring is required to determine the concentrations of the UP according to culture, in relation to the maximum residue limits, and to the withdrawal period.

La agricultura representa a la actividad que garantiza a la humanidad los alimentos y el sustento económico y su preservación y cuidado es esencial en todas las especies vegetales. Por ende, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los principales insectos que afectan el cultivo de pimiento ( Capsicum annuum L.) en el campus experimental “La Teodomira” cantón Santa Ana, permitiendo el reconocimiento de la entomofauna benéfica y perjudicial asociada al cultivo. La metodología de este estudio consistió en la captura e identificación de insectos en tres parcelas tratadas bajo diferentes métodos (Manejo convencional, Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), y sin aplicación). Para tal efecto, se realizaron evaluaciones directas (pasada en red) e indirectas (trampas cromáticas), encontrando desde insectos fitófagos, predadores, parasitoides y polinizadores de 61 especies, englobadas en 32 familias y 9 órdenes, por cuanto la mayor diversidad de insectos se observó en la parcela sin aplicación (75,43%). Cabe mencionar que, en la estimación de la biodiversidad, según los índices de Margalef, Simpson y Shannon, resalta la parcela sin aplicación con un índice de 4,956, además de 4,612 y 4,267 en la parcela con aplicación y MIP, respectivamente

Hypericum brasiliense is a medicinal herb that contains chemical compounds, which can be used in medicine as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of substrate type and the addition or absence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the rooting of stem cuttings. To carry out the study, 10 cm cuttings were obtained from H. brasiliense plants that were maintained in greenhouses for one year. Fifty percent of these were subjected to hormonal treatments with NAA at a concentration of 100 mg kg-1 for 30 minutes and the rest did not receive this treatment. Subsequently, the cuttings were placed in 50 cm3 containers with the substrates sand, pine bark or perlite and different combinations of these. Sand alone or combined with perlite were the best substrates for inducing adventitious rhizogenesis and promoting shoot growth, and pine bark the least efficient. H. brasiliensis cuttings have a high root development capacity without the addition of NAA, but root development is affected by the type of substrate.