Background: Bronchus and lung cancer (BLC) is the first most prevalent cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that the number of new BLC cases will rise up to 15 million per year by 2020. Method: We conducted this study using the data obtained from Fars Population Based Cancer Registry (FPBCR). The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) website provided the population data on Fars province. Additionally, we calculated the ASR through the WHO’s standard population 2000. The standardized rates were calculated via R software and the rate trends were analyzed using chi-square test. Result: Over a 5-year period (2011-2015), 1466 new BLC cases were registered in Fars province, 1009 men (68.8%) and 437 women (31.2%). BLC was amongst the first 10 most prevalent cancers in both genders. The annual incidence rate of BLC was defined to be 7.69-10.78 per 100,000 among men and 3.00-4.52 per 100,000 among women. Conclusion: BLC is amongst the most prevalent cancers with geographical variations in incidence rates. Consistent with cancer reports from other province, relatively high rates of BLC were observed in Fars province, particularly among men.

Neuroblastoma is an extracranial solid tumor that is most commonly observed in children, yet it is rare to have brain metastasis in neuroblastoma during primary involvement or relapse. In this article, we report a successful treatment of high risk neuroblastoma with primary leptomeningeal metastasis based on developing countries facilities and explain combination chemotherapy (a classic regimen with salvage regimen based on temozolamid and methotroxate intratechal chemotherapy and localized radiation therapy) as a multimodal therapy.

Background: As a major tumor suppressor gene, P53 plays a principal role in the apoptosis of cancer cells. Harmine is a harmal-derived alkaloid with antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study was designed to assess the ability of harmine to express P53 gene and stimulate apoptosis in breast cancer cell line. Methods: MCF-7 cell line was cultured and treated with harmine. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) assay was carried out through MMT method following 24 h of treatment. Flow cytometry technique was employed to measure apoptotic cells and real-time PCR was performed to estimate P53 gene expression in tumor cells. Results: The IC50 for the harmine extract in MCF-7 cells was 30 μM. Harmine administration in all treated groups resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and P53 gene expression in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.00001). Conclusions: It seems that harmine administration is able to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through the up-regulation of P53 expression.

Background: Gastric cancer is the second global leading cause of death from cancer and the most common gastrointestinal cancer in Iran. This condition is usually diagnosed at advance stages where treatment options are limited. Recently, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been reported to be overexpressed in a wide range of malignancies and considered as promising candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric adenocarcinoma. The aim of the present study was to compare HSPs protein expression between non-tumoral and tumoral sections from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and determine HSPs protein expression correlation with histological stage, tumoral grade and prognosis. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression levels of HSP-27, 70 and -90 proteins on both tumoral and non-tumoral (margin of tumor as control group) sections in 80 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Further analyses were histology, grade and stage of tumor (Tumor, node, and metastasis), HSPs expression level, clinicopathological significances, and survival rate. Results: The expression of HSPs was significantly increased in tumoral sections compared with non-tumoral sections (P<0.001). The HSP27 expression was correlated with tumors on the corpus of stomach (P=0.049). Patients younger than 63 years revealed higher expression levels of HSP70 (P=0.040). High expression levels of HSP90 were further assessed in well-differentiated and intestinal types of tumors (P=0.009 and P=0.019). Overexpressed levels of HSP27 and 90 were associated with the reduced survival rate of patients (P=0.017 and P=0.018). Conclusion: HSP27 and HSP 90 are potential prognostic biomarkers of patients’ survival rate. Patients harboring positive HSP27 and HSP 90 expression display worse disease-free survival compared to those with negative HSP27 and HSP 90 expression. Differential expression of HSPs may play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer and can be exploited as future therapeutic targets.

<strong>Purpose:</strong> The present was conducted to measure the sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology (IC) and frozen section (FS) in the evaluation of margin involvement of periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC).<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 patients who underwent an excisional biopsy of periocular BCC. The surgical margins of each excised mass were tested for involvement by tumoral cells using three pathologic methods as follows. Samples were obtained for IC from the marginal territory of the tumor. Then, FS samples were obtained and the tissue was prepared for permanent histopathologic evaluation, the results of which were considered as the gold standard to compare two other methods. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each method were calculated accordingly.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Thirty-six patients (20 males and 16 females) with the mean age of 73±12 years who had periocular BCC were enrolled and a total of 121 samples were obtained from the margins. The sensitivity and specificity of FS were 94.3 and 97.7% and of IC were 51.4 and 84.9%, respectively. Also, Positive and negative predictive value for FS were 94.3 and 97.7 and for IC were 58.1 and 81.1%, respectively.<br /> <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Although less expensive and more feasible than FC, IC lacks diagnostic accuracy for demarcating the extent of resection of eyelid BCC.

<strong>Background:</strong> Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Pathologic differentiation between HCC from metastatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma has critical therapeutic implications. However, it is occasionally challenging and sometimes requires immunohistochemical panels. Recently, Arginase- 1, MOC-31, and CDX2 have been introduced for the differentiation of these tumors. This study was conducted to determine the value of expression of Arginase-1, MOC- 31, and CDX2 in differentiating primary carcinoma of the liver from cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma to the liver.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> 50 cases of HCC, 20 cases of metastatic colonic carcinoma to the liver, and 10 cases of cholangiocarcinoma were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of Arginase-1, MOC-31, and CDX2.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Arginase-1 was positive in 45 (90%) of HCC cases and negative in metastatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma cases. MOC-31 was positive in 19 (95%) of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma cases and 10 (100%) of cholangiocarcinoma cases, while it was negative in HCC cases. CDX2 was positive in 18 (90%) of metastatic carcinoma cases while it was negative in cholangiocarcinoma cases. The sensitivity of Arginase-1 for HCC, MOC-31 for MC, and CDX2 for metastatic colonic carcinoma in the studied groups was 95%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, whereas its specificity was 100%, 96.7%, and 60%, respectively. The difference of Arginase-1, MOC- 31, and CDX2 expressions in HCC, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma were statistically significant (P<0.001).<br /> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our study revealed that Arginase-1, MOC-31, and CDX2 expression are suitable IHC markers in the differential diagnosis of HCC, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma.

Background: Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ENL) occurs in 25-40% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients. The objective of this study is to analyze the incidence, anatomical distribution, histopathological subtypes, prognostic factors, and the impact of the site on behavior and treatment response of extranodal lymphoma. Methods: In this retrospective analytical study, 84 out of 379 NHL patients diagnosed with ENL were included. The patients were treated via predominantly chemotherapy and/or field external beam radiotherapy. Results: The mean age of these 84 patients was 42.5 years (range 4-80 years). The leading site of ENL involvement was head and neck in 35 (41.66%) patients. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common histological type in 46 (54.76%) patients. The median follow-up was 72.3 months (range 3.2-132.4 months). The CR was achieved in 40 patients (47.6%), PR was achieved in 22 (26.2%) patients, and NR was observed in 22 (26.2%) patients. Highest mean PFS, observed in GIT malignancies, was 68.4 months (54-82.8), overall mean progression-free survival (PFS) was 73.2 months (61.3-85.1) (P=0.369), and mean overall survival was 88.4 months (82-94.7) with a P-value of 0.014, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that extranodal NHL accounts for almost 25% of all NHL. Hence, before the initiation of treatment, all the NHL cases should be properly investigated and staged. Extranodal NHL responded well to chemotherapy as NHL. Furthermore, it was observed that treatment with field external beam radiotherapy results in an increase in the levels of progression-free survival and overall survival.

<strong>Background:</strong> Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by increasing immature blood cells in the bone marrow. Aberrant expression of specific genes is a common finding in AML. The proto-oncogene EVI1 is located in a 3q26 position that encodes a zinc finger protein. In the present research, we analyzed the expression of EVI1 gene in 88 Iranian patients with AML. <strong>Method:</strong> This case-control study was performed in the Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Total RNA was extracted from the bone marrow or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 88 AML patients and the same number of healthy cases. The expression level of EVI1 was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Relative quantification analysis was performed by comparative CT (2−ΔΔCT) method. <strong>Results:</strong> AML patients expressed a high level of EVI1 (32.95%). In addition, a statistically significant relationship was detected between t (8;21) and EVI1 expression (P=0.049). No correlations were found between EVI1 expression and FAB (French American British) classification, and also between FLT3-ITD mutation and white blood cell count (P =0.6). Furthermore, no correlations were found between the level of EVI1 expression and overall survival (P=0.72). <strong>Conclusion:</strong>Although EVI1 is highly expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AML patient, it cannot be considered as an independent prognostic factor.

Oxytocin, due to its potential for modulation of cravings, is a possible alternative therapy for alcohol dependency. Management or cessation of alcohol use can increase the survival rates in cancers affected by alcohol abuse. The present study is an experimental single-case, reversal design study that has a multiple baselines and a 6- month follow-up. The study was conducted between January 2014 and November 2015. The patient was a 67-year-old man, known to abuse alcohol, who had a diagnosis of metastatic oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and dysthymia syndrome. He was selected by a respondent-driven sampling method. The patient was treated with intranasal oxytocin in two stages and for six weeks. In the control phase, he used a placebo. The primary outcomes were the Addiction Severity Index results and changes to the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. The secondary outcome was the relationship between emotion regulation and addiction severity. The data were analyzed by the generalized estimation equation, linear mixed models (random effect model) with repeated measures, and correlation with repeated measures. Primary outcomes showed that intranasal oxytocin caused a significant decrease in addiction severity in its interaction with regulation of emotion. However, this reduction was not sustained until the follow-up stage. Secondary outcomes showed a direct relationship between the difficulty in controlling emotions and the severity of alcohol addiction. Oxytocin could decrease addiction severity by decreasing cue reactivity; thus, it could be considered an effective intervention in the field of addiction.

<strong>Background:</strong> Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women worldwide. Considering its high incidence, effective detection and prognosis of this type of cancer may have a significant effect on reducing expenditures. In this study, we propose a model to predict the 60-month survivability in patients with breast cancer and investigate the effects of each feature on the obtained model. <strong>Methods:</strong> We base this model on the information gathered by the Breast Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran from 5673 patients with breast cancer. The goal of this study was to predict breast cancer survivability at early diagnosis, so the features used in the research are among those considered affordable, specifically at the initial steps of diagnosis. After preprocessing all of the cases and features, we constructed this model based on 1930 cases and 16 of their associated features using logistic regression method. The model then was evaluated with 10-fold cross validation. <strong>Results:</strong> Based on all subsets of the 16 features, we evaluated numerous models. We selected a model that achieved the best sensitivity and specificity, and used fewer features as the best model. We considered this model for further analysis, which is consisted of following features: age at the time of diagnosis, type of invasion, HER2, size of the tumor, in situ component, lymph node involvement ratio, progesterone receptor status, and the total number of dissected lymph nodes. The best model obtained overall accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of 72.49%, 72.83%, and 71.85%, respectively. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The performance of model is quite satisfactory due to the fact that we only used features, which could be obtained at the initial steps of diagnosis. Even though, the effect of patient’s age is controversial, we concluded that ageing would decrease the 60-month survivability. Our model indicated that having all type of invasions (i.e. vascular, lymphatic, etc.) would result in poorer chance of survival compared to other features effect.