ABSTRACT Considerable attention has been directed toward the prognosis of lung diseases primarily due to their high prevalence. Despite advancements in detection technologies, current diagnosis methods still face limitations in detecting diseases related to the lungs. Consequently, there is a need for swift, noninvasive, and economically feasible detection methods. Our study explores the interaction between the BeS monolayer and breath biomarkers related to lung disease. Through comprehensive DFT analysis, including electronic and optical properties assessment, recovery times, the feasibility and efficiency of BeS as a VOC detection are investigated. Findings reveal significant changes in DOS upon VOC adsorption, with notable alterations in work function for selective compounds. Optical property analyses demonstrate the potential for selective detection of biomarkers within specific wavelength ranges. Moreover, the study evaluates the impact of electric fields and strain on VOC‐2D BeS interaction. Furthermore, the desorption of these VOCs from the BeS surface can be achieved through a heating process or under the illumination of UV light. This feature enables the reusability of the 2D material for biosensing applications. These findings highlight the potential of the BeS monolayer as a promising material for the sensitive and selective detection of breath biomarkers related to lung disease.

ABSTRACT Tunnel field‐effect transistors (TFETs) are promising for ultra‐low‐power electronics, yet their practical adoption is hindered by limited ON‐current and strong sensitivity of band‐to‐band tunneling (BTBT) to geometry, doping, and quantum confinement, making physics‐accurate design optimization essential. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the design of a p + –n + InAs‐based TFET. InAs is selected for its narrow bandgap and low carrier effective mass, which enhances BTBT and enables steep switching at reduced supply voltages. The proposed homojunction architecture comprises three regions with only two different doping levels: a highly doped p + source and an n + ‐doped channel and drain. We systematically optimize the source and channel/drain doping concentrations and the source length using a composite figure of merit (FOM) that consolidates key digital and RF metrics, including , subthreshold swing (SS), threshold voltage ( V t ), and maximum cut‐off frequency ( f Tmax ). The FOM‐optimized design achieves a wide switching window with SS ≈ 18 mV/dec while improving the RF performance toward ≈ 30 GHz, and it outperforms a conventional aligned‐gate p–i–n InAs TFET. Finally, we assess practical oxide/InAs interface nonidealities and show that the optimized device retains acceptable robustness over the explored trap‐charge range.

ABSTRACT Advancements in nanotechnology have been significantly driven by the development of engineered nanoparticles, especially metallic ones like gold nanoparticles (GNPs). GNPs, particularly those in the form of spheres and nanorods, have attracted great attention in the scientific community owing to their distinct characteristics, which encompass optical, electrical, physical, and chemical features, as well as surface plasmon resonance. The aforementioned properties have the potential to be modified through the manipulation of various characteristics, elements such as dimensions, aspect ratio, form, or environmental conditions. The wide range of applications in biomedicine for GNPs is attributed to their facile synthesis and functionalization. These technologies find applications across a diverse array of fields including sensing, targeted drug administration, imaging, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and the control of many biological processes. This article presents a comprehensive description of prevalent techniques employed in the synthesis of GNPs, while emphasizing their application across diverse disciplines.

ABSTRACT In the last years, perovskites structures have been explored for their ability to photo‐electrochemically store hydrogen in the form of ammonia. Various types of perovskites, ranging from halide inorganic perovskites to oxidic systems with single or double perovskite structures, have been investigated for this purpose. In this study, a simple and low‐cost single oxide perovskite, specifically BiFeO 3 (BFO), was synthesized via a sol‐gel method and the related photo‐electrodes were optimized in terms of film thickness and tested for nitrogen reduction reaction (N 2 RR). The resulting BFO powder was comprehensively characterized from the structural, optical, and morphological points of view. Screen‐printed photoelectrodes with an optical band gap of 2.17±0.05 eV were prepared and the influence of the film thicknesses on the photoelectrochemical properties was assessed. From Mott‐Schottky analyses, all systems were thermodynamically suitable to drive N 2 RR at pH 7 while thicker films were able to produce, under illumination, 22 µA cm −2 at ‐0.6 V versus NHE due to a reduced charge transfer resistance. A Faradic Efficiency close to 90 ± 9% for NH 3 was obtained at ‐0.4 V versus NHE with a yield of 9 µg h −1 cm −2 without producing hydrogen, highlighting the importance of bismuth and iron atoms on the nitrogen selectivity.

ABSTRACT Central nervous system (CNS) disorders pose significant therapeutic challenges due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), enzymatic degradation, and low drug bioavailability. Astrocytes, once considered passive supporting cells, are now being recognized as central regulators of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nanoparticles capable of targeting astrocytes offer a promising strategy for modulating these pathological processes. This review critically evaluates the current landscape of astrocyte‐modulating nanotherapeutics across CNS diseases, identifying both mechanistic strengths and translational gaps. Despite the success of nose‐to‐brain drug delivery as a noninvasive route to bypass the BBB, most nanoparticle‐based studies neglect this pathway, and no FDA‐approved intranasal (IN) CNS formulations to date specifically target astrocytes. This review highlights this disconnect by analyzing both investigational nanoformulations and approved IN therapeutics, revealing a missed opportunity in CNS‐targeted therapy. Bridging this gap, by uniting the astrocyte specificity of engineered nanoparticles with the direct CNS access of IN delivery, presents a compelling frontier for the next generation of neurotherapeutics.

ABSTRACT The piezoelectric materials, barium titanates (BaTiO 3 ) in various sizes 50, 200, and 500 nm, were modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as PEI@BaTiO 3 to improve antibacterial activities. The realization of PEI modification was confirmed with the peaks appeared on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles ∼1650 cm −1 , which are assigned to N–H stretching vibrations. The isoelectric points of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles increased to about pH 10 after PEI modification, which were pH 3–4 range for pristine BaTiO 3 nanoparticles. BaTiO 3 nanoparticles below 200 nm showed antibacterial activity against gram‐negative bacteria with 25 mg/mL minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value but determined not effectively against gram‐positive pathogens. However, positively charged PEI@BaTiO 3 particles render high antibacterial potency on wide range of bacteria with almost four‐fold lower MIC values than pristine BaTiO 3 nanoparticles. Safe concentration of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles on L929 fibroblast cells was found at 100 µg/mL with more than 90% cell viability. Cytotoxicity was slightly decreased for PEI@BaTiO 3 particles, and 50 µg/mL concentration of PEI@BaTiO 3 particles could be used in vivo applications without any significant toxicity. The piezoelectric effect of pristine BaTiO 3 generated a higher voltage for 50 nm particles compared to the larger particles. Also, PEI@BaTiO 3 generated voltages, somewhat attenuated and rapidly decayed in time, showed high consistency.

ABSTRACT Bioactive glasses (BG) are heavily explored biomaterials especially for their bone and tissue regenerative property and biocompatibility. In this study, the synthesis of BG doped with Bi, Zn, and Cu (representative of Bi‐213, Cu‐64, and Zn‐65 radioisotopes) was investigated at 100°C via the sol‐gel method, followed by calcination at 700°C. Addition of dopants such as Bi, Zn, and Cu enhance the localized treatment of bone malignancies, aiming to combine therapeutic effects with enhanced mechanical integrity. The composition of the BG consisted roughly of 50% SiO 2 , 25% Na 2 O, and 25% CaO. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to identify the crystalline phases and to determine the presence of specific functional groups in the BG, respectively. The XRD peaks demonstrated that Sodium Calcium Silicate (Devitrite) was present in the synthesized BG where highest intensity peak was observed at 2θ = 29.8°. A finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on the scaffold model with undoped BG properties to investigate the effect of blood pressure, which revealed minimal overall deformation averaging ∼0.12 Å, with edge deformation ranging from 1.58 to 0.635 Å. Furthermore, CFD analyses were conducted to explore the flow distribution through the microchannel network of the scaffold, which indicated favorable blood flow and pressure distribution throughout the BG.

ABSTRACT The formation of a bi‐periodic, self‐organized periodic nanostructure (SPN) is investigated in real time via small‐angle scattering (SAS) patterns generated intrinsically during its evolution. The bi‐periodic SPN develops on a wedge‐shaped AgCl nanolayer coated with a thin granular Ag film deposited on a glass substrate. Monitoring this process in real time is challenging due to the system's complex and dynamically evolving behavior. To address this, we analyze the SAS patterns produced throughout SPN formation, which reveal competing grating structures and dynamic interactions between SPN domains—features typically inaccessible through conventional techniques. Our findings conclusively validate a generator/re‐emitter model, wherein excited TEn modes initiate SPN formation and are subsequently re‐emitted as complex scattering rays. This model explains all observed SAS characteristics and provides a robust framework for real‐time evaluation of SPN formation quality.

ABSTRACT Efficient removal of Trypan Blue (TrB) from wastewater was achieved using ZIF67 and ZIF‐67@ZnO composite (NCs) synthesized via a solvothermal method. The obtained porous materials were characterized using different techniques such as x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD data indicated the high crystalline nature of the obtained materials, and the SEM image showed a homogeneous morphology and highly porous structure. The effect of several parameters, such as different doses, initial concentration of dye, contact time, and pH conditions, on the removal rate of TrB dye was investigated. The maximum removal rate of TrB dye was 90%, 96% for ZIF‐67 and NCs, respectively, at pH = 5 and T = 25°C. The obtained findings indicated that the Langmuir model was more convenient, with an adsorption capacity ( Qe ) of 50 mg/g, for NCs, and the Kinetic data were best described by a pseudo‐second‐order model. Indeed, the thermodynamic properties exhibited an endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used by the Box–Behnken design (BBD) model to examine the effects of the parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time on TrB removal. The optimum conditions for the removal of 99.91% were pH 3.25, absorbent dose 0.067 g/L, initial concentration 118.9 ppm, and contact time 33.04 min. Therefore, our findings revealed that NCs could be used as an efficient material for dye removal from wastewater.