Ceramic-gel composite electrolytes (CGEs) attract significant attention as solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for sodium metal batteries owing to their favorable ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility. However, conventional CGEs generally feature insufficient mechanical strength and consequent uncontrollable dendrite growth, remaining long-standing fundamental challenges that severely limit practical applications. Herein, this study presents a high-strength CGE that enables efficient stress transfer, achieving a compressive strength of 20.1MPa (20 times higher than conventional gel electrolytes), while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity and effectively suppressing sodium dendrites. The 3D-Na3Zr2Si2PO12 framework further serves as a thermal barrier, imparting the CGE with superior flame retardancy. Additionally, Na/CGE/NVP-K0.05 cells exhibit 75.9% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 5C (25°C) and deliver 78.5 mAh g-1 at 30C (60°C). Remarkably, the CGE exhibits excellent low-temperature adaptability, retaining nearly 100% capacity at -20°C. These results highlight a viable strategy for designing safe and high-performance solid-state sodium metal batteries toward practical deployment.

Designing and preparing a compatible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, radar and infrared stealth material exhibits significant prospect in the military field. Hence, a novel conductive/magnetic polyimide-based nonwoven fabric (PFNy) is prepared by alkali treatment, Fe3+ ion exchange, thermal reduction, and electroless nickel (Ni) plating process. Its impedance/insulation characteristics can be easily adjusted by controlling the in situ growth of Fe3O4 and electroless nickel plating. Subsequently, a new strategy of constructing hierarchical dual-gradient impedance/insulation structure is implemented to achieve EMI shielding, radar and infrared stealth via stacking PFNy with gradually decreased impedance/insulation characteristics from top to bottom. The formation of impedance matching gradient structure promotes effective introduction and dissipation of electromagnetic waves, endowing the composite with outstanding EMI shielding and radar stealth performance. Meanwhile, the construction of thermal insulation gradient structure can effectively inhibit thermal radiation from target, bringing an excellent infrared stealth performance. Importantly, the strong interfacial interactions between Fe3O4, Ni and polyimide fiber accelerate PFNy to resist the stresses originated from high-temperature heat source, achieving a compatible high-temperature resistant radar/infrared stealth performance. Such excellent comprehensive properties endow it with a great potential in high-temperature military camouflage applications against enemy radar and infrared detection.

Manipulating the expression of synaptic plasticity in neuromorphic devices provides essential foundations for developing intelligent, adaptive hardware systems. In recent years, advances have shifted from static emulation toward dynamic, network-oriented plasticity design, offering enhanced computational accuracy and functional relevance. This review highlights how diversified plasticity behaviors, including multilevel long-term potentiation and depression for spatial models, tunable short-term memory for temporal models, as well as wavelength-selective response, excitatory and inhibitory synergy, and adaptive threshold modulation, collectively support key tasks such as stable learning, temporal processing, and context-aware adaptation. Beyond behavioral innovations, strategies such as multifunctional single-device integration, multimodal fusion, and heterogeneous system assembly enable compact, energy-efficient, and versatile neuromorphic architectures. Recent developments at the array level further demonstrate high-performance scalability and system-level applicability. Despite notable progress, current modulation strategies remain constrained in flexibility, diversity, and large-scale coordination. Future research should focus on enriching the behavioral repertoire of plasticity, advancing cross-modal convergence, and improving array-level uniformity, paving the way toward deployable, high-efficiency neuromorphic intelligence.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for next-generation energy storage but face challenges such as Zn dendrite growth, side reactions, and limited performance at low temperatures. Here, we propose an electrolyte design strategy that reconstructs the hydrogen-bond network through the synergistic effect of glycerol (GL) and methylsulfonamide(MSA), enabling the formation of a (100)-oriented Zn anode. This design significantly broadens the operating current and temperature windows of AZIBs. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit remarkable cycling stability, achieving 4,000h at 1mAcm-2 and 600h at 40mAcm-2 (both at 1 mAh cm-2 capacity); even at -20°C, Zn||Zn symmetric cells deliver ultra-stable cycling for over 5,400h. Furthermore, Zn||VO2 full cells retain 77.3% of their capacity after 2,000 cycles at 30°C with a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and 85.4% capacity retention after 2,000 cycles at -20°C and 0.25 A g-1. These results demonstrate a robust pathway for enhancing the practicality and low-temperature adaptability of AZIBs.

Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes. However, their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and chloride-induced degradation over conventional catalysts. In this study, we proposed a universal synthetic strategy to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe-N4 single-atom seawater catalyst materials (Cl-Fe-N4 and S-Fe-N4). X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed their five-coordinated square pyramidal structure. Systematic evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that compared with S-Fe-N4, Cl-Fe-N4 exhibits smaller electrochemical active surface area and specific surface area, yet demonstrates higher limiting current density (5.8mAcm-2). The assembled zinc-air batteries using Cl-Fe-N4 showed superior power density (187.7 mW cm-2 at 245.1mAcm-2), indicating that Cl axial coordination more effectively enhances the intrinsic ORR activity. Moreover, Cl-Fe-N4 demonstrates stronger Cl- poisoning resistance in seawater environments. Chronoamperometry tests and zinc-air battery cycling performance evaluations confirmed its enhanced stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the introduction of heteroatoms in the axial direction regulates the electron center of Fe single atom, leading to more active reaction intermediates and increased electron density of Fe single sites, thereby enhancing the reduction in adsorbed intermediates and hence the overall ORR catalytic activity.

Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals, so are widely used in photovoltaics, photon counting, monitoring, and imaging. Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration. However, these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures, which greatly limit the functions of devices. Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices. Here, this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors. It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors, such as principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and post-processing. Then, we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices, including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design. Finally, the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices, robotics, and human-computer interaction are shown.

Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency. However, interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge, leading to charge recombination, ion migration, and iodine oxidation. To address this, we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane (BNH6) as a multifunctional complex. By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously, we achieve dual-interfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms: (1) hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO2, (2) coordination with Pb2+, and (3) inhibition of I- oxidation. This approach significantly enhances device performance, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.43% (certified 25.98%). Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 500h under continuous illumination. Notably, our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments, streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer a safe, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage solution, yet their performance is hindered by interfacial challenges at the Zn anode, including hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and dendritic Zn growth. While most studies focus on regulating Zn2+ solvation structures in bulk electrolytes, the evolution of interfacial solvation-where Zn2+ undergoes desolvation and deposition-remains insufficiently explored. Here, we introduce sulfated nanocellulose (SNC), an anion-rich biopolymer, to tailor the interfacial solvation structure without altering the bulk electrolyte composition. Using in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence interface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure, we reveal that SNC facilitates the formation of a low-coordinated Zn2+ solvation shell at the interface by weakening H2O coordination. This transformation is driven by electrostatic interactions between Zn2+ and anchored sulfate groups, thereby reducing water activity, improving interfacial stability during charge/discharge, and suppressing parasitic reactions. Consequently, a high average coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 500 cycles in Zn|Ti asymmetric cells and 1.5 Ah pouch cells (13.4mgcm-2 loading, remained stable over 250 cycles) were achieved in SNC-induced AZIBs. This work underscores the importance of interfacial solvation structure engineering-beyond traditional bulk electrolyte design-in enabling practical, high-performance AZIBs.

Photo-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries (PALSBs) offer an eco-friendly solution to address the issue of sluggish reaction kinetics of conventional LSBs. However, designing an efficient photoelectrode for practical implementation remains a significant challenge. Herein, we construct a free-standing polymer-inorganic hybrid photoelectrode with a direct Z-scheme heterostructure to develop high-efficiency PALSBs. Specifically, polypyrrole (PPy) is in situ vapor-phase polymerized on the surface of N-doped TiO2 nanorods supported on carbon cloth (N-TiO2/CC), thereby forming a well-defined p-n heterojunction. This architecture efficiently facilitates the carrier separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs and significantly enhances carrier transport by creating a built-in electric field. Thus, the PPy@N-TiO2/CC can simultaneously act as a photocatalyst and an electrocatalyst to accelerate the reduction and evolution of sulfur, enabling ultrafast sulfur redox dynamics, as convincingly validated by both theoretical simulations and experimental results. Consequently, the PPy@N-TiO2/CC PALSB achieves a high discharge capacity of 1653mAhg-1, reaching 98.7% of the theoretical value. Furthermore, 5h of photo-charging without external voltage enables the PALSB to deliver a discharge capacity of 333mAhg-1, achieving dual-mode energy harvesting capabilities. This work successfully integrates solar energy conversion and storage within a rechargeable battery system, providing a promising strategy for sustainable energy storage technologies.

Tellurene, a chiral chain semiconductor with a narrow bandgap and exceptional strain sensitivity, emerges as a pivotal material for tailoring electronic and optoelectronic properties via strain engineering. This study elucidates the fundamental mechanisms of ultrafast laser shock imprinting (LSI) in two-dimensional tellurium (Te), establishing a direct relationship between strain field orientation, mold topology, and anisotropic structural evolution. This is the first demonstration of ultrafast LSI on chiral chain Te unveiling orientation-sensitive dislocation networks. By applying controlled strain fields parallel or transverse to Te's helical chains, we uncover two distinct deformation regimes. Strain aligned parallel to the chain's direction induces gliding and rotation governed by weak interchain interactions, preserving covalent intrachain bonds and vibrational modes. In contrast, transverse strain drives shear-mediated multimodal deformations-tensile stretching, compression, and bending-resulting in significant lattice distortions and electronic property modulation. We discovered the critical role of mold topology on deformation: sharp-edged gratings generate localized shear forces surpassing those from homogeneous strain fields via smooth CD molds, triggering dislocation tangle formation, lattice reorientation, and inhomogeneous plastic deformation. Asymmetrical strain configurations enable localized structural transformations while retaining single-crystal integrity in adjacent regions-a balance essential for functional device integration. These insights position LSI as a precision tool for nanoscale strain engineering, capable of sculpting 2D material morphologies without compromising crystallinity. By bridging ultrafast mechanics with chiral chain material science, this work advances the design of strain-tunable devices for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics, while establishing a universal framework for manipulating anisotropic 2D systems under extreme strain rates. This work discovered crystallographic orientation-dependent deformation mechanisms in 2D Te, linking parallel strain to chain gliding and transverse strain to shear-driven multimodal distortion. It demonstrates mold geometry as a critical lever for strain localization and dislocation dynamics, with sharp-edged gratings enabling unprecedented control over lattice reorientation. Crucially, the identification of strain field conditions that reconcile severe plastic deformation with single-crystal retention offers a pathway to functional nanostructure fabrication, redefining LSI's potential in ultrafast strain engineering of chiral chain materials.