ABSTRACTThis work proposes a unified neuromorphic spike-based large-language-model (NSLLM) framework to simultaneously address the challenges of high energy consumption and low interpretability in LLMs. Our framework transforms LLMs into efficient NSLLMs by converting their behaviors into neural dynamics—such as spike trains—through rigorous mathematical modeling and complemented by advanced techniques including quantization and sparsification. This transformation also enables the analysis of information encoding processes using computational neuroscience tools, thereby offering a novel neuroscientific perspective that conceptualizes LLMs as neural populations to enhance their interpretability. Leveraging a hardware-algorithm co-design paradigm, an NSLLM can completely eliminate matrix multiplication (MatMul) while maintaining high performance. We designed a custom MatMul-free hardware core on the VCK190 field-programmable gate array to validate the 1.5-billion-parameter NSLLM, achieving a dynamic power consumption of only 13.849 W and an inference throughput of 161.8 tokens per second. Compared with the A800 GPU, this implementation improves energy efficiency, memory usage and inference throughput by 19.8times, 21.3times and 2.2times, respectively. This work provides a novel perspective within a unified framework to enhance both the energy efficiency and interpretability of LLMs, offering valuable insights for future neuromorphic chip designs tailored for large models.

ABSTRACTColloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising materials for constructing ‘second-window’ near-infrared (1000–1700 nm) light-emitting diodes (NIR-II LEDs), but their practical application has been hampered by low film external quantum efficiency (EQE). Here, we report a chemical strategy that incorporates photoactive fluorophores—spanning fluorescence, phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence—into CQD films to boost NIR-II emission. Energy transfer from fluorophores (via both singlet and triplet pathways) raises the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of CQD to 85% beyond 1000 nm. As a result, these composite films power NIR-II LEDs with a record EQE of 25.3% for emission of >1000 nm, the highest among all LEDs with emission of >1000 nm. We further demonstrate the scalability of the approach by fabricating large-area (30 mm × 30 mm) NIR-II LEDs with uniform high performance.

ABSTRACTIntegrating 2D materials into 3D architectures can break through the physical limits of materials in advanced processes. However, challenges such as severe interfacial doping caused by dielectric deposition during vertical stacking processing have led to performance degradation in MoS2 3D gate-all-around (GAA) field-effect transistors (FETs), thereby severely hindering their large-scale integration. Here, we demonstrate a lossless monolithic 3D (M3D) integration process flow enabled by using an interface engineering strategy to achieve the highly uniform large-scale integration of multichannel MoS2 GAAFETs with ultrahigh current density. This strategy involves reducing interface states and dielectric doping by forming van der Waals contacts with MoS2 and creating hydrophilic surfaces for high-κ dielectric deposition via an Sb2O3 layer, thereby significantly improving the performance of the GAAFETs. The statistics of 112 GAA devices exhibit record-breaking performance, including an average on-state current density of 227 μA/μm with a peak value of >335 μA/μm, and an ideal minimum subthreshold swing approaching 60 mV/dec, all outperforming conventional back-gate transistors and other MoS2 3D FETs. Furthermore, Technology Computer Aided Design simulation confirms that gate-all-around transistors exhibit a 46% reduction in resistance capacitance delay compared with planar structures, further demonstrating enhanced gate control. This work establishes a manufacturing pathway for achieving the interface-doping-free deposition of gate dielectric layers, thereby addressing the performance-degradation issue caused by repeated processing steps in high-density M3D heterogeneous integration.

ABSTRACTBiodegradable hydrogels are promising for tissue adhesives and implantable coatings, but are often limited by harsh degradation triggers and uncontrolled breakdown. Here, we present a biodegradable hydrogel design strategy that leverages a redox-responsive crosslinker with a low activation threshold, enabling spatiotemporally controlled degradation in response to trace levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hydrogel undergoes rapid and complete degradation, even under low redox stress, disassembling entirely within 2 h under 0.1% (w/w) ROS, and 24 h at concentrations as low as 0.0001% (w/w) (37°C). Functioning as a tissue adhesive, the hydrogel forms bonds within 5 s, maintains strong wet adhesion (200 J/m²), and exhibits excellent sealing performance in both in vitro and in vivo models, with complete degradation under physiological ROS concentrations [∼0.0000001% (w/w)] occurring over 3 weeks—well aligned with the natural wound healing process. Notably, initial mild degradation triggers chain growth, which reinforces wet adhesion by actively compensating for swelling-induced interfacial weakening. The strategy demonstrates remarkable generality and biocompatibility, facilitating the clinical application of biodegradable materials and minimizing the risk of synthetic residue and contamination.

ABSTRACTMolecular cocrystal engineering has emerged as an efficient approach to achieving multiple functionalities and novel applications in photonics and optoelectronics. However, the reported two-dimensional (2D) molecular cocrystals are predominantly composed of organic molecules, whereas the preparation of organic-inorganic molecular cocrystals (OIMCs) still remains challenging. Here, we achieved the self-assembly of the 2D OIMC C60·2P4S3 for the first time, which has a stable layered packing arrangement, driven by π-π interactions and C-P contacts between these two cage molecules. We found that the strong C-P contacts suppress non-radiative transitions and enhance vibrational coupling, resulting in an efficient emission with a quantum yield of 13.24%. Unlike the molecular units of C60 and P4S3, the cocrystal demonstrates asymmetric optical waveguides with a high anisotropic ratio of 3.625, which can be attributed to the anisotropy of vibrational transition. This work can provide new light on the design of molecular cocrystals and promote the development of molecular physics and optoelectronics.

Conversion-type cathodes have raised much attention in rechargeable Mg metal batteries owing to the low reaction energy barriers and high specific capacities. However, the structural collapse during the charging/discharging cycles often leads to increased electrochemical polarization and capacity degradation. In this work, we demonstrate a directional Mg2+ migration strategy in hexagonal selenium (H-Se) cathodes with 3D interconnected chain structures, enabling the sequential diffusion of Cu and Mg ions along the specific crystal plane and the lattice-matching phase conversions from H-Se (100) to Cu2-xSe (220) and eventually to MgSe (220). As a result, H-Se exhibits both a high specific capacity (630mAhg-1), excellent rate performance (434mAh g-1 at 2C), high specific capacity and areal capacity (>500mAhg-1 and 5mAhcm-2) and long lifespan (∼1000cycles). Finally, a H-Se based prototype pouch cell with a gravimetric energy density of 50Whkg-1 is achieved.

ABSTRACTGasdermin (GSDM)-mediated pyroptosis has been extensively visualized in vitro and linked to multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, the in vivo phenotype and clinical outcome of pyroptosis remain undetermined. Here, we sought to profile in vivo pyroptosis using lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA encoding the pore-forming N-terminal of GSDMD (GSDMDNT). Upon intravenous (IV) injection, robust expression of GSDMDNT led to acute liver damage, systemic inflammation and sudden death, both in mice and non-human primates, which could be reversed by the GSDMD inhibitor disulfiram or glucocorticoids. Imaging techniques revealed that GSDMDNT targeted both plasma membrane and intracellular membranous organelles, causing membrane rupture and organelle swelling, as well as the formation of intracellular membranous vacuoles. Furthermore, heterologous expression of other GSDM members also caused pyroptosis, both in vitro and in vivo, with varying magnitude. These findings provide insights into the dynamic characteristics of pyroptotic organ injury-related diseases and offer the basis for developing GSDM-based therapeutics.

ABSTRACTInsufficient charge separation and sluggish two-electron water-oxidation reaction are two critical factors restricting the photosynthesis performance of metal-free covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation from naturally abundant water and air. Herein, we develop a facile strategy to simultaneously boost the charge-separation efficiency and water-oxidation capability through constructing short and rapid charge-transfer tunnels within highly charge-confined COFs via replacing the phenyl with pyrimidine. Compared with a single charge-transfer tunnel within a lowly charge-confined COF-5-(4-aminophenyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (APM) with pyrimidine, dual charge-transfer tunnels are constructed within a highly charge-confined COF-5,5′-bipyrimidine-2,2′-diamine (BPM) with bipyrimidine due to the ground-state charge transfer between para-carbon and meta-nitrogen, which significantly accelerates the intermolecular charge-transfer process and prevents charge recombination. This strategy also decreases the energy barrier of rate-determining water oxidation in H2O2 photosynthesis and thus promotes the effective generation of the key *OH intermediates, facilitating the generation of H2O2 at a production rate of 5521 μmol g−1 h−1 from water, oxygen and light without sacrificial reagents or additional energy consumption by COF-BPM. Furthermore, COF-BPM can also efficiently produce H2O2 under broad pH conditions, in widely available real water, on a floatable foam sheet, in a continuous-flow reactor and in a scaled-up reactor by using natural solar light for water decontamination.