Solar–hydrogen hybrid systems provide low-carbon and dispatchable energy, yet most existing configurations implicitly assume freshwater availability, thereby overlooking the role of water reuse in water-stressed regions. In semi-arid industrial contexts, the integration of clean energy systems with circular water management is essential for long-term sustainability. This study develops a closed-loop Solar–Green Hydrogen Hybrid System (SGHHS) in which industrial effluent is treated through a membrane bioreactor–reverse osmosis–deionization (MBR→RO→DI) sequence to satisfy proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer water-quality requirements, while water recovered from fuel-cell exhaust is captured as condensate, achieving an overall water recovery rate of approximately 90%. The proposed system consists of a 22.75 MW photovoltaic array, a 2.25 MW electrolyzer, 450 kg of hydrogen storage, and a 1 MW fuel cell, and is evaluated using a 25-year hourly-resolution simulation framework. Economic performance is assessed through discounted cash-flow analysis, while environmental impacts are quantified using life-cycle assessment. Results demonstrate that integrating water reuse reduces the levelized cost of electricity from 0.10 to 0.0866 USD/kWh, avoids approximately 157,000 tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (tCO₂-eq)emissions, and enables the recovery of nearly 400,000 L/day of process water. By explicitly internalizing water-treatment capital and operating costs alongside water-savings benefits within the energy cost formulation, the study presents a generalizable framework linking hydrogen-based energy systems with circular water infrastructure, supporting industrial decarbonization and Sustainable Development Goals related to clean energy, responsible resource use, and climate action.

This study investigates the effects of varying tritium breeding materials and their lithium enrichment rates on the Tritium Breeding Ratio (TBR) and Energy Multiplication Factor (M) within the tritium breeding zone of a fusion reactor. The magnetic fusion reactor model was developed based on the geometric and plasma parameters of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), ensuring a realistic representation of current fusion reactor designs. ITER‑grade stainless steel (SS 316 LN‑IG) was selected as the first wall material due to its excellent mechanical properties, high resistance to radiation damage, and compatibility with high‑temperature environments. The coolant and tritium breeding materials considered in the blanket included natural lithium, lithium fluoride (LiF), FLiBe (LiF‑BeF2), and FLiNaBe (LiF‑NaF‑BeF2). These materials were chosen for their ability to facilitate tritium breeding while maintaining thermal and neutronic efficiency. Neutron transport calculations and geometric modeling were performed using the widely recognized 3D simulation tools MCNP 5 and TopMC, which employ the continuous‑energy Monte Carlo method. The simulations utilized built‑in continuous‑energy nuclear and atomic data libraries, along with the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) system (ENDF/B‑V and ENDF/B‑VI), ensuring reliable and validated results. The results highlight the importance of material selection and enrichment optimization in achieving efficient tritium breeding and energy production. FLiBe, in particular, shows promise for future fusion reactor designs due to its superior performance in terms of TBR and M. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable and high‑performance fusion reactors, contributing to the global pursuit of clean and virtually limitless energy.

Supply flexibility is an essential attribute for the development of natural gas markets. In countries that have a mature market, gas storage capacity is used to deal with variations in demand. In Brazil, the natural gas market is still developing, and flexibility is an important challenge. In most of the more mature natural gas markets, the seasonality of demand is closely linked to temperature (harsh winter), and flexibility mechanisms were developed for this purpose. In Brazil, demand volatility is determined by the thermoelectric segment, as gas thermal plants have a complementary role to the hydroelectric park. This situation has brought challenges to the development of the gas market in Brazil. Thus, flexibility mechanisms can generate significant efficiency gains by avoiding underutilization of infrastructure. The article analyzes the Underground Storage of Natural Gas (UGS) as a “flexibility” tool, suitable for the Brazilian market to guarantee a balance of supply versus demand without deficits and in an optimized way, considering the randomness of gas demand. The economic value added by UGS to the electricity sector is illustrated through a case study of a natural gas thermoelectric plant that uses pre‑salt associated gas. Thus, using the Monte Carlo simulation method, this study demonstrated the economic value for the Brazilian electricity sector of contracting underground natural gas storage capacity to be used in the dispatch of natural gas‑fired thermal power plants as part of a trade‑off with liquefied natural gas (LNG).

This study investigates how men and women in MINT countries contribute to enhancing energy efficiency across various sectors through technological innovation. Gender plays a pivotal role in the energy efficiency landscape, and this study examines how promoting gender equality and increasing women's participation in innovation can enhance energy efficiency outcomes. Using data from the World Bank and an annual panel dataset of MINT nations from 1997 to 2020, this study analyzes the relationship between energy efficiency and variables such as per capita consumption of renewable energy, GDP, gender, and urbanization. The study uses the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the variables' long- and short-term relationships. The panel ARDL method has two steps: first, testing for the presence of a long-term relationship between the components, and then, using those results, calculating the long-term coefficients. The study used a causality evaluation which considers the potential causal association between the regressors and the dependent series to determine the presence and direction of causal relationships between the two data sets. If a cointegrating link can be established, it suggests that there may be a causal connection between the indicators, while the direction of causation remains unknown. This research provides empirical evidence of the complex interplay between gender, technological innovation, and energy efficiency in MINT countries. It highlights that gender-sensitive policies and renewable energy sources are crucial to the success of international efforts to promote sustainable development.

This study investigates how men and women in MINT countries contribute to enhancing energy efficiency across various sectors through technological innovation. Gender plays a pivotal role in the energy efficiency landscape, and this study examines how promoting gender equality and increasing women's participation in innovation can enhance energy efficiency outcomes. Using data from the World Bank and an annual panel dataset of MINT nations from 1997 to 2020, this study analyzes the relationship between energy efficiency and variables such as per capita consumption of renewable energy, GDP, gender, and urbanization. The study uses the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the variables' long- and short-term relationships. The panel ARDL method has two steps: first, testing for the presence of a long-term relationship between the components, and then, using those results, calculating the long-term coefficients. The study used a causality evaluation which considers the potential causal association between the regressors and the dependent series to determine the presence and direction of causal relationships between the two data sets. If a cointegrating link can be established, it suggests that there may be a causal connection between the indicators, while the direction of causation remains unknown. This research provides empirical evidence of the complex interplay between gender, technological innovation, and energy efficiency in MINT countries. It highlights that gender-sensitive policies and renewable energy sources are crucial to the success of international efforts to promote sustainable development.

The service life of equipment is generally linked to degradation factors depending on its operating conditions, including the rate of use and the frequency of the switching modes. The novel operating mode management proposed in this paper takes into account equipment lifetime in addition to all the previously mentioned requirements. This algorithm does not rely only on real-time data, as is traditionally presented in the literature, but also integrates predictive operating data. Therefore, it can be considered as a hybrid operating mode management as it embeds both predictive and event data, which yields improved results with respect to traditional event-driven management. This allows to optimize a criterion over a finite horizon, and, hence, an optimal sequence of the switching times of the different components of an energy system are generated. While the proposed approach is considered to be generic, it is illustrated by the production of green hydrogen from renewable sources. In order to ensure the operating safety and energy efficiency of the system, the objective is to maximize the life duration of the electrolyzer and the batteries by avoiding excessive stored quantities. Simulations using data obtained from a laboratory platform which replicates the process at a smaller scale highlight the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

This review paper aims to gather informative data on the impact of climate extremes on the physical environment, public health, and the livelihoods of people in Ethiopia. The primary sources of data for this review were peer-reviewed journal articles obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed, Central, Scopus, and Web of Science. Globally, the vast majority of households in developing countries depend on wood energy for their daily energy needs. Such consumption trends are expected to remain a common feature of traditional wood energy production and consumption, at least in the short- to medium-terms. This situation increases the demand for firewood and charcoal from the forest. The process of harvesting standing trees for charcoal and fire wood leads to forest degradation. Although woody biomass has the function of energy consumption, and as a source of income for rural villagers and urban poor dwellers practicing agriculture, wood energy generally has low priority in national policies of developing countries. However, unsustainable management and negative environmental consequences in humid and dry forests is derived from the use of fuel wood energy. Still now there is an unsystematic assessment of the economic contribution and environmental consequences of wood energy use, so its significance and consequences have been minimized. This deforestation and forest degradation contributes 1–2.4 Gt CO2e of greenhouse gases, which is 2–7% of global anthropogenic emissions, with global greenhouse gas emissions mostly CO2.

Due to the increase in demand for electricity during the last several decades and the fact that demand has to be satisfied, a number of power plants that work by utilizing fossil fuel sources have been built to satisfy the increased demand for electricity. As a result of the excessive use of fossil fuel sources, global warming and climate change have become serious issues that affect the entire world. The rise of those issues has put pressure on the entire world to switch from the use of fossil fuel sources energy to the use of green sources energy to generate electricity. Out of various renewable energy sources (wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass), photovoltaics based on free fuel solar energy has emerged as the technology for generating lowest cost electricity. In addition to utility scale solar farms and rooftop solar, community solar benefits flow to multiple customers such as individuals, businesses, nonprofits, and other groups. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of community solar. A new business model of community solar is proposed where a photovoltaic system and battery energy storage system can work as standalone power system. Further cost reduction can be achieved if the standalone local power network works on direct current (DC) in place of alternating current (AC) power.

Cavitation wear and hydraulic efficiency decrease in hydroelectric power plants have frequently been the subject of various research and studies. A hydroelectric power plant built on the Kızılırmak River in Türkiye started operating in 1960 and has not been subjected to any large-scale rehabilitation work other than general maintenance until today. The power plant has 4 Francis-type turbines, each with a power of 32 MW. Due to cavitation wear of turbine runners over the years, performance loss, vibration, and noise problems have arisen. Moreover, the maximum turbine hydraulic efficiency, which was 92% in 1960, the year the power plant was commissioned, decreased to 87.9% according to the efficiency measurements carried out at the power plant in 2020. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses were accomplished with Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) calculations for the redesign of the Francis-type turbine runner and finally checked by a model test according to IEC 60193. It was observed that the model test and CFD results were close to each other, especially at the best efficiency point. The maximum turbine hydraulic efficiency, which was calculated as 94.95% as a result of CFD analysis at the nominal head, was calculated as 95.19% by the model test. The x-blade shape created in the redesigned turbine runner blades ensured homogeneous pressure distribution and increased the hydraulic efficiency significantly.

To achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, Australia must decarbonise the energy sector and other sectors. The 'energy transition' is driven by policy-led construction of renewable infrastructure and regulation changes. However, no holistic analysis of the path forward currently exists. This research aims to develop a clear plan for Victoria's energy transition by evaluating three scenarios. A Business as Usual (BAU) scenario is compared against two alternative solutions. The alternates emulate two of Victoria's possible trajectories. Alternative 1 (ALT1) focuses on Victoria's reliance on imported interstate renewable energy, while Alternative 2 (ALT2) involves Victoria becoming self-sufficient through renewable generation. Each of the three scenarios is compared across four bottom lines: technical performance, social, economic, and environmental. Interviews among energy experts revealed that economic and social metrics were considered most important. Applying the n-bottom line (nBL) assessment framework delivers a result that finds ALT2 and ALT1 tied as the preferred solution. Hence, the construction of renewable infrastructure in Victoria and increased interstate transmission capacity should be built. Further research could include a deeper understanding of the embodied carbon in infrastructure built for the energy transition.