Abstract Aerospace sector is an engine of worldwide economy responsible for the technology that allows globalization. In Costa Rica in recent years' efforts have been made to introduce the country's economy into this sector. The Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space (ACAE) promotes the development of research projects in the aerospace field, inspiring new talent in the region. Among ACAE programs are Ditsö for research under microgravity conditions, Irazú is the first nanosatellite in Central America, and an initiative for the creation of the Costa Rica Aerospace Cluster, which has generated a knowledge base and regulatory strengths required by this high-quality industry. To further promote the country's economy insertion into the “new space” trend, an entrepreneurship model was developed by ACAE members through the implementation of a spinout project. The entrepreneurship model relies on two big pillars. First, identifying key sectors and players of the Costa Rican economy who can benefit from space based technology, a dynamic similar to the Smart Specialization concept. Second, the development of an innovative business model through improvement of channels, customer relations, market segments, and revenue sources, while parts of the business model structure, such as resource activities and partners, are given by the space program background. By analyzing the business model as a technical system in which different parts of the supra-system interact to produce a desired outcome, it can be assumed that the system is subject to technical innovation principles, such as ideality and technical evolution, through removal of technical contradictions. The initiative DIT (design, innovation, and technology) Space aims to develop applications based on satellite images. These applications are focused on specific sectors of the Costa Rican and Central American economy, including agriculture, mining industry, environmental solutions, and local governments' planning. Through an innovative business model, a market of diverse niche segments with diverse needs is both served and educated on the benefits of the implementation of space based technology. The result is a strength based model in which academy scientific research can pivot and align to local industry/government needs, to create synergies from which further space technology can be developed. This proves to be a valuable model for small space programs and proves the economic value and universal benefits of Space technology research and development.

Abstract The transportation capabilities for human-rating space exploration missions are emerging. Safety is a major argument on which the agencies commit to ensure to crew a safe journey and return to Earth. Secure mission success requires a regulated safety assessment process. Space safety regulations and standards already exist in agencies and institutions, but they do not represent a common vision, committed and shared internationally. That is why the elaboration of a safety standard for human-rating space exploration needs to benefit from existing safety standards approved worldwide. The standardized process for civil airborne systems is the world's most severe civil aviation standard, and is enriched by decades of maturation and improvement. It is expandable to space exploration in terms of set of methods for conducting a safety assessment process. In this frame, it represents the common safety orientations to be targeted by the space agencies toward the incredible evolution of the concept of safety for mission success.

Abstract As space travel matures and extended duration voyages become increasingly common, it will be necessary to include arrays of early fire detection systems aboard spacefaring vessels, space habitats, and in spacesuits. As gasses that are relevant to combustion and pyrolysis have absorption features in the mid-infrared range, it is possible to utilize absorption spectroscopy as a means of detecting and quantifying the concentration of these hazardous compounds. Within this work, a sensor for detecting carbon dioxide has been designed and tested autonomously on a high-altitude balloon flight. The sensor utilizes a 4.2- μ m light-emitting diode source, amplitude modulation to characterize species concentrations, and frequency modulation to characterize ambient temperature. Future work will include expanding the sensor design to detect other gases, and demonstrating suborbital flight capability.

Abstract Within this article is an overview of the tools and mechanisms used by OHB System to manage technology developments both internally and with partners, together with practical examples of its application. It starts with an introduction to OHB System and a small history of its foundation. It will then provide an overview of the technology management practices adopted at OHB System and finally provide practical examples of their implementation.

New SpaceVol. 5, No. 4 CorrectionFree AccessCorrection to: New Space 2017;5(3):121–140, DOI:10.1089/space.2017.0016is erratum ofExotic Optical Fibers and Glasses: Innovative Material Processing Opportunities in Earth's OrbitPublished Online:1 Dec 2017https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2017.0016.correxAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail In the September 2017 issue of New Space (vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 121–140, DOI:10.1089/space.2017.0016), in the article entitled “Exotic Optical Fibers and Glasses: Innovative Material Processing Opportunities in Earth's Orbit” by Ioana Cozmuta and Daniel J. Rasky, figure 12 appeared in an incomplete form. A label identifying the values of the y-axis in millions of dollars was missing from the original version, but a revised figure has been supplied with a proper label for the y-axis. The online version of the article has been corrected to reflect this change.The authors wish to apologize for the error.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesExotic Optical Fibers and Glasses: Innovative Material Processing Opportunities in Earth's Orbit1 Sep 2017New Space Volume 5Issue 4Dec 2017 InformationCopyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Correction to: New Space 2017;5(3):121–140, DOI:10.1089/space.2017.0016.New Space.Dec 2017.268-268.http://doi.org/10.1089/space.2017.0016.correxPublished in Volume: 5 Issue 4: December 1, 2017Online Ahead of Print:November 3, 2017PDF download

Abstract To adapt to fast-changing industrial disruption, Airbus Defence and Space and Airbus Operations recently developed a novel approach to innovation platforms. Drawing inspiration from the established models of corporate accelerators, it brings about two unprecedented novelties. One is the creation of two complementary innovation spaces working in symbiosis: an internal space (on-site) aimed at fostering incremental innovation, with a strong focus on hardware and processes; and an external space (off-site, centrally located) aimed at fostering disruptive innovation through exposure and support to ideas and models coming from other industries, academics, the start-up scene, and the general public. These spaces are interconnected, providing the right balance of corporate skills support and creative solutions for societal and industrial good. The other novelty is the first-ever combination of the space and aerospace competencies as part of the same innovation platforms. An equal share of support is provided by the relevant Airbus parties, bringing new opportunities for technology transfer, synergies, and new business model generation. This requires the alignment of stakeholders' interests, the definition of a common process, governance scheme, and funding mechanism. This model is being tested at the site of Bremen, Germany, with potential further development across other Airbus sites in Europe and has already allowed the generation of innovation.

Abstract As the world's space agencies and commercial entities continue to expand beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO), novel approaches to carry out biomedical experiments with animals are required to address the challenge of adaptation to spaceflight and new planetary environments. The extended time and distance of space travel along with reduced involvement of Earth-based mission support increase the cumulative impact of the risks encountered in space. To respond to these challenges, it becomes increasingly important to develop the capability to manage animal safety and well-being during transportation and research experiments in space. One approach may be to take advantage of an organism's self-regulatory system, which enables them to better adapt and mitigate harmful environmental factors encountered in spaceflight. Recent technological advances have enabled researchers to suppress or enhance metabolism “on demand” in a variety of animal species. These animal models can be used as “pathfinders,” which are capable of tolerating the environmental extremes exhibited in spaceflight, including altered gravity, exposure to space radiation, chemically reactive planetary environments, and temperature extremes. In this report, we survey several of the pivotal metabolic flexibility studies and discuss the importance of utilizing animal models with metabolic flexibility with particular attention given to the ability to suppress the organism's metabolism in spaceflight experiments beyond LEO. The presented analysis demonstrates the adjuvant benefits of these factors to minimize damage caused by exposure to spaceflight and extreme planetary environments. Examples of microorganisms and animal models with dormancy capabilities suitable for space research are considered in the context of their survivability under hostile or deadly environments outside of Earth. Potential steps toward implementation of metabolic control technology in spaceflight architecture and its benefits for animal experiments and manned space exploration missions are discussed.

Abstract With the passage of the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), the United States became the first country to recognize the right of its citizens to own resources they obtain in space. Also, known as Title IV of CSLCA, the law mandates the President to actively facilitate the commercial exploration of space resources, discourage government barriers to the development of a U.S. space resource industry, and promote the right of U.S. citizens to engage in commercial recovery of space resources. The U.S. Congress drafted Title IV of CSLCA with careful and detailed consideration to ensure compliance with international law and its treaty obligations. The space resource utilization provisions of the CSLCA were vetted by various agencies of the U.S. Administration, including the Department of State, and included the input of space law and policy experts. The result was the abandonment of the initial ASTEROIDS Act and the creation of a new legislation that explicitly comported with Articles II and VI of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The passage of Title IV was not only a historic precedent but also one of the most forward-thinking space regulatory regimes, which will spur the development of an international space resource utilization industry. Before the passage of Title IV, the legal status of ownership rights in extracted space resources was unclear, effectively shuttering the ability of the nascent space resource utilization industry to secure critical financing. The passage of Title IV, however, has provided the necessary regulatory security for potential investors to assist in the development of the industry with private financing. More importantly, it has immediately catalyzed the interest of other nations, such as Luxembourg, to determine whether they too should pass similar space resource utilization legislation. As additional nations draft their own versions of Title IV of CSLCA and as technology rapidly advances, an international space resource utilization industry will organically develop.