Abstract. Lelloltery H, Rumanta M, Kunda RM. 2021. Strategy for marine ecotourism development based on natural resource management: Case study in Kotania Bay, Western Seram District, Maluku. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 91-99. The study aimed to identify the potential for marine ecotourism in Kotania Bay, and formulated strategies and priorities for developing marine ecotourism in Kotania Bay. Data collection on ecological potential consisted of mangrove and fauna vegetation using the line transect method, while coastal and marine resources included coral reefs and reef fish using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. Development strategies and priorities used the SWOT and AHP methods. The results showed that the potential of coastal natural resources around the Kotania Bay consisted of 12 mangrove species belonging to7 families with species diversity index 1.76, and dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera cylindrica. The bird species were 33 species belonging to 23 families, with several endemic species such as Philemon subcorniculatus, Eulipoa wallacei, Birgus latro, and Pteropus melanopogon. Potential marine water resources consisted of 45 coral species belonging to 23 genera and 14 families with 10-12 life-forms. The diversity of reef fish species was quite abundant consisting of 129 species from 60 genera and 22 families. The sand beach on Marsegu island is a tourist destination that is demanded by the tourists. SWOT analysis showed that the potential of coastal and marine natural resources in Kotania Bay is very likely to be developed as marine ecotourism.

Abstract. Yousif RA, Choudhary MI, Ahmed S, Ahmed Q. 2020. Review: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and other aquatic organisms from Karachi Coast, Pakistan. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 74-85. Heavy metals are being utilized in a variety of ways in industries, agriculture, food processing and household in many forms. Metals are unique environmental and industrial pollutants in the sense that they are neither created nor destroyed by human beings but are only transported and transformed into various products. The present study deals with the findings of various investigators on the effect of heavy metals on fish and other aquatic organisms on Karachi coasts of Pakistan. The polluted areas (Rivers and Karachi coasts) receiving effluents from industrial, agricultural, municipal and domestic wastes. The order of abundance of the metals were as fellow; Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Hg > As. Most studies showed that essential metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in aquatic organisms are much high, but the quantities of non-essential metals are found to be less. This review has shown that fish and other aquatic organisms are used as bio-monitoring species in heavy metal pollution. It is suggested that such investigations should be continuous in terms of both human health and determination of metal pollution in aquatic environment.

Abstract. Haeidari A, Keshavarzi D, Owlia P, Vatandoost H, Rafinejad A, Rafinejad J. 2020. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 24-28. Nosocomial infections represent a serious public health concern in developing countries. Houseflies are one of the most common household pests carrying different pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this study was to isolate and enumerate bacteria species from house flies and to determine their susceptibility to Agita® fly bait. Flies were collected from two hospital environments between July to December 2014, in Yazd Province of Iran. Bacterial species were isolated from the outer surfaces of flies, and Agita® efficacy was evaluated based on lethal time (LT50) after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes. Three species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) responsible for nosocomial infections have been isolated and enumerated from flies. Among the 30 flies collected, 17, 24, and 3 flies were contaminated with E. coli, S. aureus, and Ps. aeruginosa, respectively. The minimum number of isolated bacteria was 3 × 102 CFU/mL, whereas the highest number was 2.4 × 105 CFU/mL. The susceptibility results showed that, despite the existence of a significant effect for heterogeneity in both field and laboratory strains (p-value ˂ 0/05) and an increase in the mortality of houseflies during the time, there was no significant difference between two strains regarding the efficacy of Agita® against houseflies. The findings of the present study revealed and confirmed that houseflies have an important role in the spread of nosocomial infections in hospital environments, and they are susceptible to Agita® fly bait.

Abstract. Lestari T, Apriyadi R, Mustikarini ED, Saputra W, Merlin Y. 2020. The application of palm-oil waste as organic materials on three pineapple accessions cultivated on post-tin mining land in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 40-45. Tin mining activities in Bangka Island have produced a vast extent of critical lands that contain clay and tailings. Bangka local pineapple accessions have a high potential to be cultivated in the post-tin mining area as they are able to adapt to drought. The aim of this research was to investigate the growth performance of three pineapple accessions planted on post-tin mining land in Bangka by utilizing solid waste of oil palm as organic materials. The study was conducted in Dwi Makmur village, Merawang Sub-district, Bangka District from November 2017 to June 2019. The experiment used Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors: the first was three pineapple accessions (i.e. Toboali Bikang, Peranak and Bogor) and the second was palm oil solid waste (i.e. palm oil empty bunch (POEB) and palm oil bare ash (POBA)). We measured the parameters of vegetative and generative and the values were compared using Fisher test followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (α 0.05). We also conducted organoleptic tests and total dissolved solid tests to assess the quality of the fruit. We found that the application of POEB as organic materials affected the vegetative and generative parameters. We also found that the interaction of POEB with Peranak accession resulted in the best fruit productivity. Our results suggest that Peranak accession is potential to be cultivated in post-tin mining land in Bangka with the application of palm oil empty bunch as organic materials.

Abstract. Lestari NKD, Deswiniyanti NW, Astarini IA, Arpiwi LM. 2019. Callus and shoot induction of leaf culture Lilium longiflorum with NAA and BAP. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 162-165. Lilium longiflorum Thunb., an Easter lily, is a common ornamental plant used as potted plant, cut flower, cosmetic and medicine. The research on tissue culture technique to induce shoots and callus is expected to increase the yield of lilies quickly and efficiently. This study aims to determine the effect of plant growth regulator combination of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on the development of leaf culture and the best concentration for callus induction and shoots of lily plants. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design using leaf explants in Vacin and Went medium, with combination of NAA and BAP (0; 0.5; 1 mg..L-1 ) as the treatments. The result of the eight-week observations shows that the plant growth regulators significantly affected either in days initiation callus, days initiation of shoot, percentage of callus, percentage of shoot, diameter of callus, no of shoot and length of shoot. The combination of 1 mg.L-1 NAA and BAP had the best effect in the percentage of explants forming shoots (100%), means number of shoots (5.8), and means length of shoot (11.6 cm).

Abstract. Sa’adah NN, Indiani AM, Nurhayati APD, Ashuri NM. 2019. Anthocyanins content of methanol extract of parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) and its effect on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level of hyperlipidemic rat. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 112-118. Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) is an endemic plant in Indonesia that its fruit have a purplish red color, which indicated that parijoto fruits contain anthocyanins, pigments of the flavonoid class that responsible for the red, blue and purple coloration of many flowers and fruits. This study was aimed to determine the total yield of extract and anthocyanins content of methanol extract of parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) pericarp and whole fruit and the effect of parijoto whole fruit extract on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the hyperlipidemic rats. Extraction of parijoto fruit and pericarp were carried out by the maceration method with methanol as a solvent. Determination of the total anthocyanin was done by pH difference method. MDA serum levels were done in a pre-test and post-test Randomized controlled group design was used in this study. Rats were divided into five groups: normal rats, hyperlipidemic rats, hyperlipidemic rats treated with methanol extract of parijoto (500 mg · kg ˗1, 1000 mg · kg ˗1, and 1500 mg · kg˗1 body weight). Blood was collected at hyperlipidemia state and after treatment of methanol extract of parijoto for determination of MDA level in blood serum. The results showed that the total yield of parijoto pericarp extract and the whole fruits were 11.46 g (3.18% ) and 9.02 g (2.88%) respectively. Anthocyanins content of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit extracts were 208.75 mg · L-1 and 173.7 mg · L-1. Administration of methanol extract of whole fruit parijoto in hyperlipidemic rats reduced serum MDA levels significantly (p < 0.01), from 14.88 nmol · mL-1 to 8.63 nmol · mL-1.

Abstract. Hardjo PH, Susanto DPS, Savitri WD, Purwanto MGM. 2019. Shoot multiplication of Pogostemon cablin var. Sidikalang and patchouli oil profile. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 123-127. Pogostemon cablin Benth. is a plant producing patchouli oil, which mostly consists of patchouli alcohol compound. Patchouli oil has great potentials in the world market because of its stability and high price. In this study, in vitro multiplication of Sidikalang variety of Acehnese patchouli shoots was done on solid and liquid Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. This study aimed to determine the effect of cytokinins in various combinations of shoot multiplication and to compare the patchouli oil yield of in vitro and ex vitro culture. In vitro multiplication of Acehnese patchouli shoots by using solid MS medium with addition of 0.2 ppm benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 ppm Kinetin resulted in shoot explants with an average growth index of 82.198 ± 0.690. Patchouli oil extraction was done on 7 weeks old in vitro shoot explants cultured on solid MS medium + 0.2 ppm BAP + 0.2 ppm Kinetin using water distillation method. In vitro shoots yielded 2.5% patchouli oil and contained ± 35% patchouli alcohol compound, whereas ex vitro shoots produced 4% patchouli oil and contained ± 25% patchouli alcohol compound. The qualitative analysis by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that there were similarities in the number of spot and Rf value for each spot of ex vitro and in vitro patchouli oil.

Abstract. Authors. 2019. The activity phagocytosis of isoeugenol-ester compound on Mus musculus macrophage cell. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 117-122. Chemotherapy is drugs therapy for cancer. However, chemotherapy could damage normal cells and decrease immune system. For this reason, it is necessary to find immunostimulant compound that is able to increase immune system. Isoeugenol-ester is unnatural compound that has been tested for its cytotoxicity against cancer cell and showed positive result. Nevertheless, ability of Isoeugenol-ester for inducing phagocytosis is still unknown. Therefore, bioassays study using in vitro phagocytosis were performed. Latex beads methods using antigen model in 5 isoeugenol-ester concentration series: 6, 25; 12, 5; 25; 50 and 100 μg/mL were tested to Mus musculus peritoneal macrophage cell. The optimum concentration of Isoeugenol-ester compounds in inducing phagocytosis activity of M. musculus macrophage cell was 12.5 μg/mL.

Abstract. Philander M, Ragobeer P, Daniel R. 2019. Short communication: A comparison of the rate of polyethylene decomposition among Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Escherichia coli bacteria. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 97-100. This study did a comparative analysis of the rate of polythene plastic decomposition among three species of bacteria namely, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Escherichia coli. The three bacterial species were cultured and grown in 2-liter polyethylene terephthalate bottles with nutrient broth separately in triplicates along with a control that did not include any bacteria. These bottles were left undisturbed at room temperature for three months (92 days) after which the containers were subjected to sterilization. Plastic weights were taken using an electronic scale and compared with original values. From the results, it showed that in the three months there was a relatively large amount of degradation that occurred. Bacillus spp. and E.coli bacteria yielded similar results and moved at a rate faster than the Pseudomonas spp., A daily rate for each bacterial species was calculated and a predictive figure based on rates was made. If the rates remained constant there would be total degradation of the polyethylene plastics by the Bacillus spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp., in 11.45, 11.45 and 12.35 years respectively. This is a significant finding since in nature plastics can take hundreds of years to decompose.

Abstract. Fatmawati U, Suranto, Sajidan. 2009. Protein expression on Cr resistant microorganism using electrophoresis method. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 31-37. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as toxic heavy metals, so the need is reduced to Cr(III) is much less toxicity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are resistant Cr(VI) microorganism and have ability to reduce Cr(VI). The aim of this research is to know ability of microorganism to reduce Cr(VI) and to know protein band pattern between Cr(VI) resistant microorganism and non-resistant microorganism which inoculated on LB broth. SDS-PAGE was used to identify protein expression. While, Cr(VI) concentration was identified by 1.5 diphenyl carbazide method. The quantitative data were analyzed by two factorial ANOVA that continued with DMRT at 1% level test. The qualitative data, i.e. protein expression analyzed by relative mobility (Rf). The results showed that the ability of microorganisms to reduce Cr(VI) at initial concentration of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm may vary, the average percentage of the ability of each microorganism in reducing Cr(VI) is P. putida (65%) > S. cerevisiae (64.45%) >. P. aeruginosa (60.73%) > Pantoea sp. (50.22%) > K. pneumoniae (47.82%) > without microorganisms (34.25%).ListenRead phonetically The adding microorganisms have significantly influenced toward reduction of Cr(VI). The SDS-PAGE shows that protein expression between resistant and not resistant microorganisms are no different, but resistant microorganisms have more protein (protein band is thicker).