Abstract: Based on over 240 firsthand data, this paper provides the first formal analysis of empirical generalizations regarding the suprasegmental adaptation of Japanese loanwords in Isbukun Bunun, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan. This study reveals that during the loanword adaptation process, the position of the Japanese accent is entirely disregarded, and stress in Japanese loanwords is generally assigned according to native phonological rules. However, a noteworthy exception is observed: closed syllables, traditionally considered light in native phonology, unexpectedly attract stress in loanwords. Interestingly, closed syllables do not always maintain their heaviness in loanwords and may become light when preceded by a bimoraic syllable. This unexpected weight contribution from the coda suggests that Japanese loanwords do not adhere to the same phonological constraints as native words, and the variation in the weight of closed syllables indicates a flexible ranking between a constraint favoring moraic codas and a constraint penalizing unstressed heavy syllables.

Abstract: This paper examines the factors that influence the choice between actor voice and undergoer voice in the Oceanic language Äiwoo from two perspectives: a quantitative study comparing 80 actor-voice clauses with 80 undergoer-voice clauses and a qualitative study looking at all occurrences of actor voice in the available data. The results show, on the one hand, that the factors influencing voice choice in Äiwoo largely overlap with those described for symmetrical voice languages in the western Austronesian region. On the other hand, the usage patterns of the actor voice also show affinities with the transitivity alternations found in canonical Oceanic languages: the undergoer voice is by far the most frequent in discourse, suggesting that it may be on its way to being reanalyzed as the default transitive construction, and the predominant context for the use of the actor voice is with an undergoer argument that is low in referentiality, similar to the contexts that favor "semi-transitive" constructions in many Oceanic languages. The Äiwoo data thus point to a possible path of reanalysis from a symmetrical voice system to an Oceanic-type system of transitivity alternations.

Kaxabu is an Austronesian language of Taiwan with fewer than ten speakers, all of whom are over the age of seventy and mainly use Taiwanese Southern Min in daily life. A number of morphological changes are observed. The affixes <in> 'perfective' and ta- … -i 'hortative' have become fossilized and have been replaced by other more productive lexical or morphosyntactic processes. Reflexes of the Proto-Austronesian monosyllabic suffixes *-en 'uvp',*-an 'uvl', and *-i 'imp/dep.uvl' have become clitics while the disyllabic prefixes pa-ka- 'caus (stat)' (reconstructed at the PAn level as *pa-ka-) and ma-ti- 'wear (av)' now also occur as (function/content) words paka 'cause, make' and mati 'wear'. The aim of this paper is to examine these morphological changes, and more specifically, affix fossilization, which constitutes the last step of grammaticalization in paradigmaticity and deaffixation, which is an instance of degrammaticalization. These two processes are quite opposite and result from two concomitant factors which are causing language change: (i) language obsolescence, which indu ces fossilization, and (ii) language contact with Taiwanese Southern Min, which causes deaffixation.

This paper examines the curious occurrence of preverbal determiners in Moriori (Chatham Islands), which are best analyzed as passive markers. In some Moriori sentences, a determiner is found following the clause-initial tense/aspect particle and preceding the verb. Examining the morphological markings of the arguments in these sentences shows that the verb is in the passive form, though without the usual -Cia passive suffix. This paper demonstrates that preverbal determiners mark a passive verb, and are in complementary distribution with the standard passive suffix. Previous analyses for preverbal determiners, including being part of continuous aspect particle or introducing a nominalized verb, are ruled out. Preverbal determiners which identify a verb as passive are not found in any other Polynesian language, making this construction unique.

This paper investigates the Nauruan reflexes of Proto-Micronesian phonemes. Nauruan participates in most reductive sound changes found elsewhere in Micronesian. The attrition patterns of *t and *k in Nauruan resemble similar developments in Eastern Chuukic. An unusual developments are shifts of major place of articulation, from coronal to velar, and from velar to labial. This paper contains a discussion of the reflexes of Proto-Oceanic palatals in Micronesian. A list of Kiribati loans in Nauruan is supplied.

This paper examines the status of space and place as notable features of contemporary linguistic research in Oceania. We focus on languages of the insular Pacific because of the relatively well-studied role of space in this region and because of their key role in the broader discipline's engagement with spatial linguistics. Through an extensive analytical review, we suggest that while space has become an enormously generative domain, a strong program has yet to emerge. We argue that the literature reflects a plurality of centering foci, what we have called coupled language-space domains, that guide the disciplinary conversation. Furthermore, we conclude that although authors rarely explicitly discuss and define space and place, patterns of implicit agreement around treatments of these key terms are observable. Finally, we note that a focus on the grammatical features of spatial language differentiates spatial analysis in linguistics from other disciplines. We suggest that research concerned with understanding how space and place manifest in spatial language should be critically centered in broader discourses investigating the nature of space, place, and the significance of either for the human condition.

Thomas Edward Dutton (1935–2021) Andrew Pawley 1. PROLOGUE.1 Thomas (Tom) Edward Dutton died on December 21, 2021, aged eighty-six. He made important contributions to the study of New Guinea languages in several domains. He carried out surveys of the 100 or so indigenous languages of Central and Southeast Papua and did in-depth descriptions of several of these, especially Koiari and Koita. He wrote textbooks for Tok Pisin and Police Motu, the chief lingue franche of Papua New Guinea (PNG). He contributed many maps and articles to the massive twovolume Language Atlas of the Pacific. He was the Foundation Professor of Linguistics at The University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) from 1975 to 1977. He served as managing editor of Pacific Linguistics (PL) publications between 1987 and 1996. He co-supervised the dissertations of many PhD students who worked on languages of New Guinea. 2. EARLY YEARS Thomas Dutton was born on May 10, 1935, at Dayboro, near Brisbane, the eldest of five children of Lewis (Ted) and Mary Dutton, but grew up near Bundaberg where Lewis was a school teacher. Tom decided to follow in his father's footsteps and in 1953 went to Queensland Teachers College. The following year he was posted to East Bundaberg State School and began a BA as an extramural student of The University of Queensland. In midyear, he was called up for National Service and was selected for training as a pilot. He was invited to make flying for the Royal Australian Air Force his career but declined and returned to teaching. 3. PNG CALLS 1957 proved to be a watershed year for Tom. He had come round to the view that there must be more to life than being a school teacher in Queensland. He heard that the Administration of what was then the Australian Territory of Papua needed "Education Officers" and he applied. He hitchhiked to Sydney and attended a six-week course training teachers for Papua. In June, he took up an appointment as head of Rigo Intermediate School, east of Port [End Page 602] Moresby. In 1959, he was promoted to Area Education Officer in charge of Administration and Mission schools from Manumanu to Gaire. The diversity of languages spoken by his Papuan students interested him. He began learning Police Motu, the main lingua franca of Papua, and its source language, Motu, an Austronesian language spoken around Port Moresby. In 1960, Tom was one of three Education Officers chosen to attend the first six-week Language Learning course for Administration field officers run by the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Goroka. He was then posted to Chimbu Sub-District and later to Okapa in the Eastern Highlands. During that period he studied Gahuku (spoken around Goroka), Kuman (Chimbu) and compiled a set of lessons on Fore (Okapa). He also began to learn Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin English), the lingua franca used by the Australian Administration in the Trust Territory of New Guinea. Tom was now hooked on the study of languages and realized that he needed to get some serious academic training in linguistics. In 1961, he took leave from Papua and in 1962 finished his BA at The University of Queensland, majoring in English with minors in mathematics and philosophy. In 1962, he married Corinne Scott, a school teacher who hailed from Nanango, near Kingaroy, and was working for Tom's father. Corinne flew light aircraft for a hobby, and Tom was assigned to be her copilot on a flight to the Gold Coast. Thus began a successful partnership of almost sixty years. From 1963–65 Tom studied for a Master's degree in English linguistics while employed as a Research Fellow in the Queensland Speech Survey, recording and analyzing varieties of English spoken by local Aboriginal communities and "Broken," the creole of Torres Straits Islanders. His Master's thesis was titled "The informal English of Palm Islanders" and ran to 457 pages. 4. DOCTORAL STUDIES AT THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (ANU) In 1967, Tom became one of the first PhD students in linguistics in the Research School of Pacific Studies (RSPacS) at the ANU. The ANU had been created by the Federal Government...

1 Book Review 2 3 Owen Edwards. 2021. Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary. Asia4 Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: ANU Press. xii + 452 pp. ISBN 5 9781760464561. AUD$75, softcover. Open access: http://doi. 6 org/10.22459/RMCD.2021. 7 1. Introduction.1 Edwards’ Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary (RMCD) is 8 easily the most important comparative and historical work on Timor-Rote lan9 guages to appear since Jonker (1908). In fact, given the significant amount of 10 additional data from within the severely underdocumented region of Linguistic 11 Wallacea from both published and unpublished sources, rigorous comparisons, 12 1174 reconstructions, (with an additional 83 entries for loan distributions, 13 making 1257 entries altogether), and the accessible organization of the data 14 (including in two electronic versions), the RMCD has to be said to supersede 15 Jonker’s work. The RMCD is meticulous in its detail, impressive in the amount 16 of data laid out and the sheer volume of material that Edwards controls, and 17 transparent in providing data that do not cleanly fit the expected patterns while 18 also attempting to account for irregularities in the sound correspondences. The 19 PDF is available for free download at http://doi.org/10.22459/RMCD.2021. 20 The work is also available in ePub format. A hardcopy currently lists for 21 AUD$75.00. 22 The purpose of RMCD is to provide “an initial bottom-up reconstruction 23 of one low-level Austronesian subgroup of the linguistic area of Wallacea: the 24 Rote-Meto subgroup” (p. 1). The reconstructions are of Proto-Rote–Meto 25 (PRM) “or one of its lower branches,” which have been identified in Edwards 26 (2016, 2018a,b) and refined in chapter 3 of the RMCD. Also of significance 27 are the many “out-comparisons” scattered throughout the work, showing “puta28 tive cognates” in other Austronesian or non-Austronesian languages (explained 29 on pp. 17–18). The RMCD is data-rich—Edwards provides data from twenty30 nine Rote and Meto lects, and from forty-five additional languages that are cited 31 in four or more out-comparisons. 32 Chapter 1 explains the data sources, transcription issues, and the structure of 33 the dictionary necessary to find things and understand the various notational 1. For full disclosure, Edwards consulted with me before beginning his RMCD about how to set up the information structure in a TOOLBOX computer database for linguistic comparisons across many speech varieties, tracking glosses, and sources, for ultimately producing both a formatted print version and an interactive electronic version. He also used a number of data sources from me. But I did not see the electronic RMCD until after it had been accepted for publication and that without the introductory chapters. What Edwards did with my early suggestions far exceeded my expectations. I have worked to varying degrees with five different Rote languages and five different Meto languages, and so am probably more familiar with the material than most readers might be. Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 61, no. 2 (December 2022)© by University of Hawai‘i Press. All rights reserved. 34 conventions. Chapter 2 provides the most succinct overview of Rote and Meto 35 phonology and morphology available to date, and is necessary to understand the 36 RMCD, “as many forms included in this dictionary are only attested in morpho37 logically complex forms with no putative mono-morphemic root attested” (p. 38 40). With numerous morphophonemic processes in effect, that is a particularly 39 complex task for Meto languages, and Edwards has done an admirable job of 40 laying out the key issues. Chapter 3 provides the historical background, including 41 sound correspondences and internal subgrouping, to a large part a summary with 42 minor revisions of Edwards (2016, 2018a,b). One welcome feature in the discus43 sion of sets of sound correspondences is the inclusion of the number of attesta44 tions of each correspondence set or regular split. Chapter 3 also explores the 45 position of Rote–Meto within Timor–Babar, and provides the most thorough 46 exploration of this higher level subgroup to date, based on the historical phonol47 ogy. For the purposes of this RMCD, Edwards is “agnostic” about the validity of 48 Central-Eastern...