Background: Pharmacokinetics is defined as a mechanism or set of mechanisms by which the body interacts with the substances administered during the entire duration of drug exposure. The components of pharmacokinetics are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. All patients suffering from life-threatening illnesses must receive care in an intensive care unit. In this unit, it is not only necessary to have equipment that can provide comprehensive care to the patient, but also to have staff trained to act in any clinical environment. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out through various databases from January 2014 to February 2022; The search and selection of articles was carried out in indexed journals in English. The understanding of the pharmacokinetics in the critical patient is of vital importance, being the pillar of this understanding the patient and providing adequate care and management. The cornerstones of intensive care management are the optimization of the patient's physiology, the provision of advanced organ support, and the identification and treatment of underlying disease processes. In antibiotic therapy it is necessary to optimize the dosage and improve the route of administration. Table 1 reports the main pharmacokinetic changes. This review offers up-to-date and detailed information on the pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with the aim of providing "personalized" care depending on the patient's physiological state.

Background: Neuraxial anaesthesia and analgesia techniques include spinal, epidural, and combined spinal-epidural. Neuraxial anesthesia (NA) is most commonly used for surgery of the lower abdomen and lower extremities. Neuraxial analgesia plays an important role in pregnant women. Neuraxial analgesia is recommended for childbirth to reduce sleep deprivation and stress and dehydration induced by labour pain. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out through various databases from January 2020 to October 2022; The search and selection of articles was carried out in indexed journals in English. Results: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in neuraxial anesthesia has increased considerably among pregnant women. Neuraxial anesthesia should be considered the preferred anaesthetic method in pregnant women because it helps to mitigate difficult intubation, presents fewer complications associated with general anesthesia, among other reasons. This review offers updated and detailed information on the current guidelines for neuraxial anesthesia in different clinical contexts, whether in the context of COVID-19, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis, among others, in order to provide better care and focus for pregnant women.

Background: A healthy optic nerve is a crucial conduit for impulses generated within the layers of the retina to leave the eye. To date, the mechanism of action of optic neuritis is not entirely clear, as are the therapeutic approaches, especially in the pediatric population. To date it is estimated that the annual incidence of optic neuritis is estimated between 0.56 and 5.1 cases per 100,000 people. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out through various databases from January 2015 to September 2022; The search and selection of articles were carried out in indexed journals in English. The first clinical manifestation that we can find in a patient with optic neuritis is a pain when moving the eyes, with subsequent worsening of vision. Only 0.4% of patients develop symptoms in both eyes simultaneously. Intravenous methylprednisolone at 1000 mg/day has been found to lead to more rapid recovery of vision. IV immunoglobulin and plasma exchange are used in patients refractory to initial treatment. Erythropoietin has demonstrated neuroprotective properties. This review offers updated and detailed information that helps the health professional in clinical practice, to identify the main clinical symptoms and thus prevent and treat said pathology promptly.

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Pneumonia is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma mainly due to an infectious process, Acute lower respiratory tract infections represent one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population worldwide, so their diagnosis is of great importance for the treatment of patients; In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the usefulness of ultrasound and chest radiography in the management of patients with pulmonary processes, among which pneumonia stands out.

Early removal of burned tissue and skin grafting remains the most effective procedure for most burn patients. However, microsurgical free tissue transfer could be the ideal solution for wound coverage of complex defects in the burn patient, allowing for the preservation of deep burn injuries that would otherwise be insurmountable in a single-stage procedure. Although microsurgery is in increasing use, its use for the reconstruction of primary burns is not very frequent since it presents different types of additional challenges in this environment; because burn patients are prone to developing metabolic imbalances and a systemic inflammatory response that can compromise the free flap. However, as microsurgery has become more widespread, free flaps have been increasingly used in acute burn reconstruction as a means of preserving deep burn injuries that could not otherwise be salvaged with exposure of tendons, nerves, vessels, bones and/or joints after excision of the burn.

Background: Most patients exposed to organophosphates come into contact with insecticides. The first organophosphate insecticide was created in the mid-19 th century, but it was not widely used until after World War II. Fungicides are essential to global food security and their use is expected to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural watersheds.

Despite the great benefits derived from fruits and vegetable consumption, raw or minimally processed fruits and vegetables (without adequate washing and/or cooking) can be significant vehicles of food-borne parasites Globally, it is estimated that 33 million years of healthy lives are lost as a result of consuming contaminated foods each year. In 2010, the World Health

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Celular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.