Little is known about the full impacts of marine litter, especially in the open ocean where there is almost no information. The ocean is a vital source of nourishment, especially to the people in the world’s poorest nations. Many depend on fish for their source of protein; fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of about 540 million people directly or indirectly [1]. Overfishing, loss of biodiversity and possible extinction of species put stress on these limited resources. Some beaches are already closed to public because the water is unsuitable for bathing and beach is covered with litters of plastics, discharge of sewage, agricultural run-off, and discharge of nutrients and pesticides accounts for approximately 80% of marine pollution [2]. The scenario is not different in Nigeria as there are reported cases of major industries such as fertilizer and petrochemical and oil producing companies that have polluted the marine environment in recent times. Therefore, this paper advocates by way of education and enlightenment to the populace the myriad of problems associated with marine pollution in the Nigerian coastal waters. Some suggested solution includes education, laws and collaboration amongst organization to create a sustainable marine ecosystem in Nigeria.

A time series with weekly sampling was conducted from February 20, to December 16, 2011 at a station in the interior of the San Quintin Bay to estimate seasonal changes in the composition and abundance of phytoplankton. Water temperature was recorded and the upwelling index was calculated for the period. Phytoplankton abundance was estimated and phytoplankton were identified by using an inverted microscope and the CHEMTAX program. There were 16 positive phytoplankton anomalies during the year, but only three were considered to be blooms. The blooms were dominated by diatoms and were recorded in the winter, spring and summer. Different genera composed 80% of the total phytoplankton abundance of each of the blooms. The first bloom consisted of diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (15.7%), Skeletonema sp. (14.6%), Eucampia sp. (7%), and Navicula sp. (7%); a haptophyte of the genus Imantonia sp. (13.1%); and dinoflagellates of the genus Prorocentrum sp. (4.6%). The second bloom consisted mainly of diatoms of the genera Guinardia sp. (30.6%), Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (21.5%), Skeletonema sp. (14.5%), Chaetoceros sp. (8.4%) and Eucampia sp. (5.3%). The third bloom consisted of Chaetoceros sp. (46.3%), Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (22.6%), Skeletonema sp. (7.29%), and Imantonia sp. (6%). Dinoflagellates were observed in the winter, summer and autumn, but they contributed less biomass than diatoms. Prorocentrum sp., Gymnodinium sp., and Ceratium sp. were among the dinoflagellates that were observed. The differences in abundance and composition of phytoplankton groups in the blooms in San Quintin Bay during 2011 were due primarily to seasonal changes in the physical and chemical factors of the seawater and to upwelling events.

Upwelling off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (PM) was detected from recent cruise data collected during the southwest monsoon. Thermocline lifting was observed at 104?E from a number of parallel transects. To confirm the presence of upwelling, satellite remote sensing data were used, and numerical model experiments were conducted. A cooler sea-surface temperature along the coast was spotted from both in-situ and satellite data while upward movement from the model agreed with field data. The southwesterly wind that blows along PM from June to September is believed to be the important mechanism that contributed to this upwelling through an Ekman dynamics process.

This paper explores the dynamic of meteorological forcing on current circulation pattern in the vicinity of Bidong using an unstructured flexible mesh hydrodynamic model. The forcings were wind, tides, temperature and salinity. The seasonal wind monsoon, mixed tides with dominant diurnal and tropical monsoon climate is characteristics of Bidong Island. We find that this area has different current circulation patterns in response to monsoon changes. It also experienced a small scale of island wake during NE monsoon. This island wake was generated by a strong northeasterly wind. We performed a series of numerical simulations based on three dominant factors in circulation, and evaluated the model using wind, tides and density. We investigated the wind-driven circulation and residual current. This study contributes to the debates on hydrodynamic of current circulation in vicinity of Bidong Island. Specifically, this study was conducted to understand the changes of currents by seasonal wind (NE monsoon and SW monsoon), temperature and salinity.

Concentration of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Mercury were determined in the muscles, gills and liver of ten fish species (Epinephelus areolatus, Epinephelus radiates, Anthias squamipinnis, Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides, Snubnose emperor, Dicentrarchus labrax, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus, lutjanus kasmira, lutjanus ehrenbergii and Acanthurus gahhm) as well as three specimens of crustaceans (Metapenaeus dalli, Panulirus penicillatus and Portunus petagicus) and two Specimens of squids (Parateuthis tunicate and Chtenopteryx sicula) collected from Jeddah coastal water during 2014. The obtained results declared that, the average concentrations of heavy metals were as follows: Cd (0.098, 0.20, 0.106), Cu (0.358, 0.327, 1.536), Pb (0.3, 0.257, 0.196), Zn (3.00, 7.390, 4.999) μg/g wet weight in the muscle, gills and liver, respectively. While, the concentration of Hg was invariably undetectable in all samples of different organs of the collected fish species. The average concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in the soft part of the investigated crustaceans (Metapenaeus dalli, Panulirus penicillatus and Portunus petagicus) and squids (Parateuthis tunicate and Chtenopteryx sicula) were relatively higher compared with the muscle tissues in the examined fish species. The results of bioconcentration factor (BCFs) indicated that among examined metals Zn was the most readily absorbed by fish and the highest BAFs for examined fish species were determined in gill of Snubnose emperor.

Since organic falls are ephemeral and distributed sporadically, organisms in organic-fall commun- ities must acquire high dispersal ability to migrate from one organic fall to another. However, the dispersal ability of obligate organic-fall organisms has not been investigated thoroughly and the stability of the genetic structure of their communities is unknown. In this study, in order to eluci- date the dispersal ability and genetic structure in the organic-fall communities, we carried out po- pulation genetic analyses based on sequences of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 in two mytilid mussels. Adipicola pacifica was obtained from whale and cow bones artificially settled in Japanese waters off Cape Noma (CN) and in the Nansei-Shoto Trench (NS) and Sagami Bay (SB), and Benthomodiolus geikotsucola from natural whale bones in the Torishima Seamount (TS); both species are symbiotic with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Genetic differentiation (Fst) indicated al- most no annual change in genetic structure between 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2007 collections of A. pacifica from CN (depth 225 - 229 m), although the 2010 collection had somewhat different ge- netic structure from the others. Similarly, there was not significant genetic differentiation be- tween 1993 and 2005 collections of B. geikotsucola from TS (depth 4020 m). The Fst and gene bidi- rectional mean rate of gene flow (Nm) indicated high gene flow and no significant genetic differen- tiation between A. pacifica specimens collected from CN, NS, and SB. The results suggest that the genetic structure is stable and A. pacifica has high dispersal ability. The mismatch distribution suggests that A. pacifica expanded their distribution from SB to NS via CN, as expansion time (τ = 2ut) decreased from SB to CN and NS. * Corresponding author.

Globalization push container terminal grown rapidly in decade. To fulfill the future traffic requirement, this study highlights marginal expansion planning of infrastructure in a container terminal. By using marginal approach, the expansion plan can be determine correctly and economically stage by stage. A mathematical model has generated to calculate the expansion size, expansion time, interval of expansion, expansion cost, and significant of expansion for each infrastructure respectively. It recommended determining the expansion plan for each infrastructure respectively. This is because one of the infrastructures needs to be expanding but the other may not. The generated model was verified with others model and validated with case study to investigate the practicability of the model. The model serves as expansion decision making tools to assist port expansion planners.

Whereas wrack dynamics on tidally influenced beaches have been studied to some detail, essentially nothing is known about how drift lines in tide-free coastal systems vary in space and time. We provide evidence for high spatial and temporal dynamics of beach-cast wrack on a sand beach in the Western Baltic Sea. Over the course of one year, the amount of weekly deposited macrophyte wrack fluctuated from zero to 3000 g·m-1 shoreline. Wrack mostly accumulated just above the waterline. Part of the beach-cast wrack is frequently re-suspended into coastal water upon extreme high water level events, or wrack patches are translocated landwards by wind-driven changes in water level or along the shoreline by winds. Consequently, the deposited wrack does accumulate, but a steady-state of ca 400 g·m-1 builds up within 2 - 3 weeks. Eelgrass wrack buried in sand decomposed almost twice as fast as on top of the sand or re-suspended in water. Fragmentation of leaves promoted decomposition only when wrack remained on the sand surface. The spatial and temporal distribution of this valuable source of organic matter is unpredictable and depends on wind and wind-driven waves.

Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) are aquatic mammals with critically endangered status able to live in different water salinities habitats, like estuary, rivers and lakes. Banten Bay features estuarine area where rapid economic development, contributed from industry, ports, mining and fisheries, takes place, and thus the presence of Irrawaddy dolphins in the area faces various environmental threats. This research aimed to study the distribution of Irrawaddy dolphins in Banten Bay and explore environmental factors threatening its life. Dolphins observation was conducted from January 2013-February 2014, using direct visual effort by team of observer and indirect effort by local fishermen. Direct visual effort was performed on boat by three observers, with maximum vessel speed 15 km/hour and total length of transect was 404 Km. Indirect visual effort comprised of regular assessment by 32 local fishermen when they conducted capture fishing at two different areas (South and North of Banten Bay). Sightings data from direct and indirect visual observation compiled with respondents opinion were mapped using Arc View&reg GIS 3.3, resulting in distribution map of Irrawaddy dolphin in Banten Bay. Irrawaddy dolphin was most frequently observed in the northeast, south and central areas of the bay. Environmental threats alarming the lives of Irrawaddy dolphin in the Banten Bay may include noise pollution, boat accident and entanglement.

Liver, muscle and blubber tissues of seven Common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) stranded along the Algerian west coast have been analysed for six traces elements Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni. This work confirms more accurately the relations shown previously between age, sex and trace element concentrations in this species. Liver was shown to be the most important accumulating organ for Cu, Fe and Zn, and the results also indicated the importance of toxic metal transfer from mother to offspring. Significant differences between the liver, muscle and blubber were detected; except for the Ni concentrations were similar in these tissues.