Background: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) induces hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis in fowl, causing substantial economic losses to China’s fowl industry. However, nationwide epidemiological data on FAdV remain fragmented. Aim: This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of FAdV in Chinese fowl from 1988 to 2024. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 58 cross-sectional studies from databases (PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, etc.) were included. Pooled prevalence and subgroup analyses were performed using a random-effects model with Stata 12.0. Results: The overall FAdV prevalence was 37% (95% CI: 32.00%–42.00%) with high heterogeneity (I²>97%). Central China had the highest prevalence (50%), and Southwest China had the lowest (28%). Winter (20%) and adult/rearing stages (both 33%) showed higher prevalence; geese had the lowest species rate (12%). Conclusion: FAdV is highly prevalent in Chinese fowl with notable, fowl species, detection method, sample type, seasonal, and developmental stage. Targeted surveillance, detection method, sample type, developmental stage, seasonal biosecurity, and standardized diagnostics are essential for FAdV control.

Background: Dengue infection has increased significantly in subtropical and tropical regions in recent decades. As of 2020, 15 countries, including Indonesia, reported increasing cases, with mortality rates of approximately 0.5%–3.5%. Since 2014, the Dengue Vaccine Research Consortium under the Ministry of Health in the Republic of Indonesia has advanced a sharia-compliant dengue vaccine prototype in the form of the premembrane/envelope (prM/E) dengue virus (DENV)-1,-2,-3,-4 recombinant proteins. Aim: This study aims to develop and optimize an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG against prM/E DENV-3, serving as a preliminary antibody titer assessment for candidate dengue vaccines and potential diagnostic kits. Methods: Serum samples from mice immunized with 200 ng purified prM/E DENV-3 or 105 Plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml live DENV-3 or Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (negative control) were used. ELISA parameters, including antigen concentration (commercial DENV3), serum dilution, and conjugate antibody dilution, were systematically optimized. Optimal conditions were determined to be 100 ng antigen, 1:200 serum dilution, and 1:5,000 conjugate-Ab dilution. Results: Seropositive samples yielded absorbance values exceeding the established cutoff. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The optimized in-house ELISA reliably detects IgG responses to recombinant prM/E DENV3, supporting its utility in early-stage evaluation of dengue vaccine candidates and in the development of diagnostic tools. This study is a successful stage supporting the development of prM/E DENV-1,-2,-3,-4 as a candidate dengue vaccine.

The H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes of the avian influenza virus (AIV), part of the Orthomyxoviridae family, induce one of the most severe zoonotic diseases. The harmful impacts of H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses can affect avian and mammalian species, including human health, and result in economic loss and public health hazards. It has been isolated from several avian species and humans throughout all continents, except Antarctica. The incidence of avian influenza fluctuates based on regional and temporal variables of various avian species and humans. The AIV subtypes are categorized into low-pathogenic and high-pathogenic according to their virulence. H9N2 was classified as low pathogenic, whereas H5N1 was deemed highly pathogenic. Molecular diagnostic tests, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and conventional polymerase chain reaction, are used to identify avian influenza viruses. The most common serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutinin inhibition, are used to detect antibodies against influenza A and B viruses. AIV subtypes and host species affect the severity, clinical manifestations, and fatality rates of AIVs. Avian and swine infections are the primary vectors for the transmission of AIV to humans, presenting a considerable public health risk. An adequate surveillance system, a robust vaccination approach, and a segregation and culling protocol for avian influenza-infected birds are urgently required to eliminate avian influenza viruses. This comprehensive study provides a framework for understanding the risks associated with AIV subtypes H5 and H9. The goal is to avoid and control the disease, as it can spread into a major pandemic.

Background: Although free-range chicken meat is widely consumed in Brazil, it may pose a public health risk due to contamination with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). Aim: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Escherichia coli, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation in free-range chicken meat samples collected from restaurants in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: Microbiological and molecular methods were used to analyze 40 samples collected from eight restaurants to detect E. coli, evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles, assess biofilm formation, and identify the presence of resistance genes. Results: The overall frequency of E. coli infection was 57.5%. All bacterial strains (100%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 78.2% (18/23) were classified as MDR, showing resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics, with the highest rates observed for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Among the detected resistance genes, the blaTEM gene had the highest prevalence (17.4%), followed by blaCTX-M1 (4.3%), while tetA and qnrS were not detected. A discrepancy was observed between high phenotypic resistance and low detection of resistance genes, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. In addition, 95.5% of the strains were classified as biofilm producers, although most exhibited weak biofilm formation. Conclusion: This study confirms the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains in food served at restaurants, highlighting the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat and reinforcing the need for continuous monitoring of food safety.

Background: Fluctuating climatic changes during the Pleistocene period played a significant role in shaping the population genetic structure of many species in northern and southern Australia. Aim: This study investigated the population structure and evolutionary history of an important disease vector, the Australian saltmarsh mosquito (Aedes vigilax), across the continent. Methods: Sequences of a 433-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene were analyzed from a total of 318 individuals of this vector. Results: Bayesian analysis revealed two distinctly divergent clades, with an estimated divergence time of approximately 0.9 million years ago. Haplotype mismatch distribution and Fu\'s Fs tests inferred a recent demographic expansion during the late Pleistocene (6,000–13,000 years ago). Analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic structuring, although gene flow remains high. Conclusion: We suggest that historical arid barriers caused genetic divergence, which was followed by range expansions in the east and west, with a greater spread from west to east. This supports the hypothesis that two cryptic lineages may exist. Population genetic data indicate substantial dispersal abilities in Ae. vigilax, suggesting an important role for this species in the spread of Ross River virus across the Australian continent.

Background: Prebiotics contribute substantially to livestock physiology by promoting health equilibrium. Chicory leaves have been a subject of research as a natural prebiotic and exhibit various phytoconstituents that act as nutraceutical agents. However, the in vivo efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract remains under-researched. Aim: This study aimed to examine the impact of ethanolic chicory leaf extract (CLE) on the blood profile, intestinal microbial species, and histology of male rabbits. Methods: To prepare the leaf extract, ethanol was used as the solvent and was extracted using a rotatory evaporator. Forty-eight rabbits were divided into 4 groups (12/group). G0 was kept as the control, while the other groups G1, G2, G3 were given doses of 1, 2, and 3 mL/kg BW of CLE, respectively, on a daily basis for 45 days. On 15th, 30th, and, 45th day samples (n=4 per group) were collected to assess hematological parameters via complete blood count, E. coli and Lactobacillus colonies through plate count agar, and intestinal tissue histology by microtomy. Results: One-way ANOVA indicated a dose-dependent impact of CLE on the research parameters as the greatest improvements were observed in the highest-dose group (G3), followed by the medium- (G2) and low (G1) dose groups compared to control group. There was improvement in all blood parameters (p≤0.05), whereas there was a reduction of E. coli and increment of Lactobacillus population (p≤0.05) in the ileum and cecum. Histological examination showed an increase in villus length and crypt depth, along with a decrease in villus width (p˂0.05). Conclusion: Administration of CLE to rabbits acts as a microbiota-modulatory agent that boosts gut health and structure while maintaining the blood profile. Hence, it can be used as a natural tonic for livestock to promote bio-functionalities and can be a potential alternative to synthetic prebiotics.

Background: Wound healing involves a sequential transition from inflammation to proliferation, requiring balanced immune response. The disruption of this balance can impair repair. Origanum vulgare (oregano) has been reported to exert immunomodulatory properties; however, evidence regarding its influence on IL-10 and VEGF expression in excisional wound healing remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical oregano extract ointment on the expression of IL-10 and VEGF in a rat excisional wound model. Methods: Twenty-four male white rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 per group): vehicle control and oregano extract ointment at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%. A standardized 5-mm full-thickness excisional wound was created on the dorsal skin. Treatments were applied topically twice daily for 14 days. On day 14, skin tissues were harvested for immunohistochemical analysis of IL-10 and VEGF expression. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using IHC Profiler, and statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: IL-10 expression showed an upward trend in the oregano-treated groups compared with the vehicle control; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, VEGF expression was significantly increased in the 6% oregano extract group compared with the vehicle control (p < 0.01), while the 3% and 9% groups demonstrated non-significant increases. No significant differences were observed among the oregano-treated groups. Conclusion: Oregano extract modulated the expression of molecular markers associated with wound healing, with the 6% concentration significantly increasing VEGF expression. IL-10 showed a non-significant upward trend across the treatment groups. These results suggest that oregano extract may support pathways involved in tissue repair, with 6% representing a potentially optimal concentration under the conditions of this study.

Background: Burn wounds in companion animals are uncommon but can lead to serious complications and be lifethreatening, requiring prompt and effective wound care. Conventional treatment methods often involve silver- or antibiotic-based products, which carry disadvantages such as cytotoxicity and risk of antimicrobial resistance. Medicalgrade honey (MGH), especially when supplemented with vitamins C and E, offers a potential alternative due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of vitamin-supplemented MGH in the management of burn wounds in cats and dogs. Methods: A retrospective, multi-center case series was conducted across three veterinary clinics in Romania, Greece, and the Netherlands. Nine cases involving cats (n = 4) and dogs (n = 5) with thermal, chemical, or iatrogenic burn wounds were included. All wounds were treated with MGH-based products (L-Mesitran range), and wound progression was documented photographically. Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) were calculated for key parameters, including time to visible inflammation reduction, debridement, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, and complete healing. Results: All patients achieved complete wound healing without complications. On average, signs of inflammation reduced within 5.2 ± 2.0 days (mean ± SD), debridement occurred in 6.7 ± 2.2 days, granulation tissue appeared after 11.7 ± 4.1 days, re-epithelialization was shown in 23.6 ± 5.9 days, and full wound closure was achieved in 64.7 ± 20.7 days. These clinical outcomes varied between individual cases, depending on wound age, size, severity, location, and patient characteristics. Conclusion: Vitamin-supplemented MGH showed promising outcomes in promoting wound healing in feline and canine burn patients. However, the small sample size, retrospective design, and lack of a control group limit the generalizability of these findings.

Background: Pneumonic mannheimiosis is an important respiratory disease of sheep and goats that inhibits production. It is associated with stress, resulting in between 10% and 40% mortality. The disease should be effectively controlled. Aim: This field vaccination trial evaluates the safety and immunity of a newly manufactured vaccine (STVac7TM) against pneumonic mannheimiosis of sheep and goats. Methods: A sheep and a goat breeder farm were identified before 2 groups of breeder sheep with 80 animals per group, and 2 groups of breeder goats with 50 animals per group were selected. Sheep and goats of Group 1 was vaccinated intranasally, while Group 2 remained unvaccinated. Vaccinations were carried out on weeks 0 and 2. Throughout the 24-week (sheep) and the 12-week (goats) study periods, animal management in both farms remained unchanged. Prior to and at weekly intervals post-vaccination, serum samples were collected from both groups, while nasal swabs were collected at monthly interval. Adverse effects including sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge and mortality were noted weekly throughout the study period. Results: Intranasal vaccination did not cause significant side effects in sheep and goats, although mild nasal discharge and coughing were occasionally observed. Only one non-vaccinated ewe (1.3%; p>0.05) died despite identification of M. haemolytica from the nasal cavity of majority of the sheep and goats. Following vaccination, antibody levels showed significant increase and remained significantly high (p<0.05) throughout the study period. Conclusions: Intranasal vaccination of sheep and goats with STVac7TM is safe and well tolerated, resulting in high serum antibody levels and maintains the health status of the animals during the stressful monsoon season.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in humans and animals, including ocular infections in companion animals such as cats and dogs. Molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene provides a reliable approach for accurate bacterial detection and phylogenetic analysis. Aim: This study aimed to molecularly characterize S. aureus isolates obtained from humans, cats, and dogs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in order to assess genetic diversity and evaluate the potential for zoonotic transmission. Methods: Ocular swab samples were collected from humans (n = 100), cats (n = 50), and dogs (n = 50) between July 2023 and January 2024. Isolates were identified using conventional culture and biochemical methods, followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Based on antibiotic resistance profiles, 25 representative isolates (10 from cats, 10 from dogs, and 5 from humans) were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Sequencing analysis confirmed the identity of all selected isolates as S. aureus. Genetic analysis demonstrated both similarities and variations among isolates derived from different hosts, indicating genetic diversity and suggesting possible cross-species transmission between humans and companion animals. Conclusion: The findings highlight the genetic diversity of S. aureus isolates from humans, cats, and dogs and support the potential role of companion animals in the zoonotic transmission of this pathogen. Molecular characterization using the 16S rRNA gene is a valuable tool for tracking bacterial evolution and understanding public health risks associated with pathogens shared between humans and animals. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology is essential, particularly in environments with close human–animal contact.