This theoretical article investigates code-mixing in early bilingual development, with a particular focus on the linguistic behavior of children navigating two or more language systems simultaneously. Drawing on both classical and contemporary frameworks, the paper challenges outdated deficit-based perspectives and reframes code-mixing as a systematic, cognitively grounded process that reflects the developing executive functions and linguistic competence of young bilinguals. The phenomenon is examined as a developmental strategy used by children to compensate for lexical gaps, incomplete grammatical knowledge, or to negotiate meaning in complex sociolinguistic environments. Key cognitive and linguistic triggers — such as dual language activation, metalinguistic awareness, and the influence of interactional context — are critically analyzed to identify criteria for language differentiation in early childhood. The article highlights the difference between child and adult code-mixing, emphasizing its developmental role in forming functionally distinct language systems. Special attention is devoted to Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism as an understudied context of typologically related languages, where language mixing often occurs at subtle morphological and syntactic levels. The article also draws on insights from EU language integration policies and U.S. bilingual education to illustrate how language mixing is linked not only to cognitive processes but also to identity construction and social adaptation. In conclusion, the study argues for the recognition of child code-mixing as an indicator of linguistic creativity and bilingual competence, calling for further research and the development of diagnostic and pedagogical tools to support bilingual children in multilingual contexts.

The article is devoted to the study of grammatical variation in the modern Hutsul dialects of Northern Bukovyna. The aim of the study is to provide a detailed analysis of the variants of grammatical forms found in these dialects. The object of the study is the grammatical system of the Hutsul dialects under consideration. The material for the study consists of the author’s recordings from several dialects of the former Putyla district of the Chernivtsi region, in particular, spontaneous dialectal narratives. Based on a detailed analysis of these recorded dialect texts, the typical grammatical features of the dialects are characterized, with particular emphasis on the use of these features in the speech of dialect speakers—representatives of the older and middle generations. To collect factual material, the method of targeted interviews was employed, and to analyze grammatical features, descriptive, comparative, and juxtapositional methods were used. Among the grammatical features described are the gender and number of nouns (remnants of dual forms, honorific plural), degrees of comparison of adjectives, the use of pronouns (including ancient short forms), and specific forms of numerals. A number of dialect adverbs used in everyday speech are also presented. The frequency of variations in the inflection of nominal parts of speech is analyzed. The system of dialect verbs and their conjugation is described in detail. A comparison of these grammatical features at the present stage with data from previous studies demonstrates their dynamics over time. Special emphasis is placed on the preservation of archaic grammatical forms in the dialects studied. The article also outlines prospects for further studies of Hutsul dialects, in particular research into the frequency of grammatical variants in dialect texts and the influence of intralinguistic factors on the emergence of such variation.

The article attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the activities of the Kyiv psycholinguistic center within the broader context of the development of Ukrainian psycholinguistics and to analyze the contribution of its leading figures to the advancement of the discipline. The object of the study is psycholinguistics as a branch of the humanities; the subject is the conceptual approaches and scholars who shape its scientific paradigm. The study employs several methods: the descriptive method — for general characterization of the object and subject; analysis and synthesis — for the specification and generalization of results; the interpretative method — for analyzing psycholinguistic concepts and terms; as well as elements of discourse and metalinguistic analysis. The research focuses on dominant directions such as the interpretation of the psychological foundations of individual speech and corresponding types of linguistic personality, associative linguistics, psychoaccentuation, linguopersonology, and gender linguistics, including the methodological foundations of their development. Theoretical and methodological principles underpinning the work of Kyiv researchers are analyzed; continuity of national traditions and integration of international experience are identified. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a metalanguage for psycholinguistic studies, the interdisciplinary nature of current approaches to associative experiments, and the need to distinguish new areas within linguopersonology. The article highlights scholars’ efforts to develop original psycholinguistic methods, interpret the neurolinguistic code, and construct discourse portraits of linguistic personalities. A key prospect for the development of Ukrainian psycholinguistics is seen in the creation of a reference work entitled Ukrainian Psycholinguistics in Names, which would promote national scholarly achievements and psycholinguistic approaches within the broader humanities.

The article is aimed at detailing and illustrating the basic technologies of PSYOPS utilized within the modern information field, exploring the specificity of pathogenicity implementation in PSYOPS discourse as an object and the key communicative characteristics of the analyzed discourses making it possible to discern them into certain types as a subject. Traditionally, the pathogenic texts, which are the backbone of any PSYOP due to being its verbal, communicative representation, are distinguished into those that contribute to the spread of violence (reference to manipulating the negative emotions pushed to the max), pornography (reference to manipulating the positive emotions pushed to the max) and texts of totalitarian ideology and propaganda in mass communication. The first two types obviously pathogenic and are explicitly prohibited by the current legislation, while the third type of pathogenic texts is quite difficult to categorize as actually illegal. It is usually the third type that is being utilized in the PSYOP paradigm, due to its legal status uncertainty (which makes it easy to implement into public communications). A thorough linguistic analysis of over 5 000 pathogenic discourses made it possible to divide PSYOPS discourses into the basic types, according to the techniques utilized. In this particular article, we aim to single out the basic PSYOPS types which the russian propaganda has incessantly been using even before the start of the full-scale invasion in 2022, but has unprecedently increased since then, in order to destabilize the information field in Ukraine and create an unparalleled tension in the society — as well as to whitewash its own war crimes, even though those have been fixed and documented by a number of renowned world organizations. The following PSYOPS techniques are characterized basing on their communicative peculiarities: “goldfish”, reframing, “merry pictures”, official papers manipulation, clickbait, information alibi, demonizing, witch hunt — with the according examples provided. Having presented and illustrated the most frequent PSYOPS techniques, it can be stated that singling out the prevalent PSYOPS types will help craft ways of countering them, and thus, would allow to reduce or even fully neutralize the harmful effects of the original pathogenic array.

The article explores the methods of forming casual topolexemes, their connotative meaning and stylistic colouring. The aim of the research is a structural-semantic analysis of connotative toponyms in common speech and teen slang, which function in the internet communication and in other forms of informal communication and also represented in the dictionaries of teen slang and jargon vocabulary. From the semantic point of view, all informal equivalents of the official city names, including teen slang, are expressively rich, non-trivial, and have connotations of different meaning in their semantics. By their structure, they can be one-word, compound or complex word combinations: Лохнеса, Чорноморська Пальміра, перлина біля моря (Odesa). Most of the compound nominations, namely, periphrasis, positively characterizes these topo-objects, emphasizing styles or individually specified cognitive features. Connotation also characterizes official names of the Ukrainian cities and villages: Бовдури, Крижопіль, Зачепилівка, etc. The most active way of forming connotative informal topolexemes, including topo-slang, is contraction — reduction of a word part, abbreviation, letter abbreviation: Крам (Kramatorsk), Херс (Kherson), Хмель (Khmelnitsk), Фриско (Ivano-Frankivsk), ЗП (Zaporizzha). Teen slang names should be seen in contrast to the ”basic” official names as their expressivelyevaluating or verbally-palyful equivalents with the lower (more often) social-language status. The significant role in word formation is given to the topo-suffixes -к/ -івк(а), -ах(а), and the suffixoid -сіті: Македонівка (Makiyivka), Констаха (Kostyantynivka), Кривбас-сіті (Kriviy Rig). The ironically-humorous effect, the “jocular proclamation to the world”, mostly specific to the teen slang, is produced by the derivatives, which are formed by the model of the foreign toponyms, naming huge, world-famous, ideal (in the nominator’s opinion) world metropolises: Криво-де-Жанейро (Kriviy Rig), Ріо-де-Житомир, Сан-Харцизько, Волна-Вегас (Volnovakha), Хьюстон (Donetsk). An important feature of informal topolexemes is the formation of semanic-stylistic paradigms, synonymyc chains, which can reach quite a significant amount; it reflects the systems organization of this onomastis area. All of the above indicates the immense word-forming possibilities of the Ukrainian language in the field of connotative topolexemes.

The study of suggestive technologies of information warfare has only recently become a topic of linguistic research in Ukraine. Russian propaganda employs these techniques in the context of information warfare, which has accompanied Russia`s full-scale invasion of our country. The objective of this warfare is to achieve a number of strategic goals, including the disintegration of communications, the primitivisation of reality, the conceptualization of lies, the creation of fake realities, the formation of desired behavior, the levelling of national conceptual pictures of the world, the replacement of these pictures with the idea of the "Russian world"; the changing of forms of self-determination (national, religious, value). The concept of linguistic suggestive technology remains a contested notion within the field of linguistics, with no consensus emerging on an agreed definition. The objective of this article is to propose a definition of the concept of linguistic suggestive technology based on an analysis of existing approaches to suggestive technologies; to prove the hierarchy of the concepts of linguistic suggestive technology and linguistic suggestive technique; to demonstrate the possibilities of linguistic analysis of multimodal discourse of information warfare based on the separation of linguistic suggestive technologies and tactics. A systematic study of linguistic suggestive technologies and techniques is a pressing necessity, as it enables the professional debunking of enemy propaganda and the development of proactive counter-suggestive influence. The author proposes that linguistic suggestive technology be defined as a set of methods (techniques) for processing, producing, and disseminating multimodally organized content with the goal of reducing the consciousness and criticality of target audiences when perceiving the suggestive content, shaping their desired behavior, and changing their system of values. Linguistic suggestive technique, in turn, can be defined as a certain way of processing, producing, and disseminating suggestive content. The set of linguistic suggestive technologies may vary depending on the purpose, objectives and target audiences of the information influence. The linguistic suggestive techniques that implement the technologies can be summarized by 14 "Sleight of Mouth", proposed by R. Dilts.

In the proposed article, we address one of the directions of modern linguistic research — cognitive linguistics. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the linguistic means of representing the lexico-semantic field of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" based on the material of the song discourse during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The object of the study is the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE", and the subject of the study is the lexico-semantic field of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" in Ukrainian-language song discourse. To achieve this goal, the study employs the methods of linguoconceptual and contextual analysis of texts, as well as the method of field modeling. Based on 218 lexical units from the texts of 20 Ukrainian songs, three structural segments of the lexico-semantic fields of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" were identified: "UKRAINE — SPACE", "UKRAINE — SPIRITUAL VALUES", "UKRAINE — WAR". Within each LSF, lexico-semantic groups were formed, the largest of which were the LSG "Markers of Ukraine’s Consolidation" (present in 16% of the concepts of the conceptual sphere Ukraine) and the LSG "Defender" (present in 26% of the concepts of the conceptual sphere Ukraine). The core-periphery organization of the main components of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" in the song discourse of 2022-2024 was determined: the core consists of the lexemes "MOTHER" and "WARRIORS’ VICTORY". The author concludes that the multidimensional semantics of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" is represented through a significant number of components that change with the transformation of societal consciousness. In times of national danger, a transformation in the core structure of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" is observed: from conceptualvalue concepts to value-perceptive concepts. In the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE", the semantic meanings "country" and "independent state" are consistently actualized, but due to changes in societal consciousness, the conceptual sphere acquires new meanings: Ukraine as a special way of being; Ukraine as a sacred space, Ukraine as a metaphysical person — mother. The new reality dictates new nominations, leading to the emergence of new lexico-semantic features in the composition of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE": UKRAINE — THE HIGHEST VALUE; UKRAINE — A SYNONYM FOR FREEDOM; UKRAINE — UNITY, BROTHERHOOD; UKRAINE — VICTORY. The prospect of the research lies in further exploration of the lexico-semantic field of the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" in Ukrainian song discourse, considering that songs, as an important component of any ethnic culture, are a significant factor in global processes in their historical, cultural, and linguistic dimensions. The conceptual sphere, as a cognitive structure of human knowledge about the world, is characterized by special dynamism, because each historical period in the life of a people brings corresponding changes to its structure, so the number of lexico-semantic fields in the conceptual sphere "UKRAINE" can be changed and supplemented.

The article is dedicated to the study of sensory modalities in advertising discourse. Advertising discourse refers to the language and communication strategies employed in advertising messages as cohesive texts deeply embedded in real-life contexts amidst numerous accompanying background elements within an integrated communicative environment. It encompasses the linguistic choices, persuasive techniques, and stylistic features used to convey marketing messages to a target audience, aiming at attracting attention, creating desire, and encouraging action, typically towards purchasing a product or service. The aim of this article is to analyze the ways of realizing sensory modalities in advertising discourse. The object of the research is advertising discourse, the subject being manifestations of sensory modalities in advertisements. The factual material of the research was selected from the collections of popular or iconic advertisements. Advertising discourse often appeals to emotions and utilizes visual elements to communicate the intended message effectively and influence consumer behaviour. The heterogeneity of advertisements, represented by a phrase alone or in combination with a static or dynamic visual image or acoustic accompaniment, these combinations vary significantly, increasing the desirability of the advertised product to impress us daily. Different sensory modalities — visual, associated with images; auditory, associated with sounds and their perception; and kinesthetic, associated with physical sensations, as well as their manifestations, reflected in certain speech predicates –influence how we think, feel, mentally represent our experiences and make choices. The application of sensory modalities in advertising discourse is observed on three levels: on the first level, we deal with the material representation of the advertising message that results in different communicative types of advertisements; on the second level, the preferred representational system is revealed via predicates or the sensory-based words; on the third level, product names, pragmatonyms, become the bearers of sensory information, consequently appealing to human senses.

The article is devoted to the study of the psycho-phono-semantics of female names by the author’s algorithm. The purpose of the study is to find out the functions of the sound of female names according to a gradation algorithm based on phonetic content and colour associations of vowel sounds. Objectives of the study are: to present the psycho-phono-semantics of vowel sounds based on empirical studies; to substantiate the phonetic content of the female noun according to the attributive algorithm gradation (names with the status of very, more, the most); to present the colour range of the female noun based on the stressed vowel(s); to find out the role and functions of the psycho-phono-semantics of the female noun. The object of the study is the psychological features of the sound organisation of female names. The subject of the study is the phonetic content and colour of the most popular names according to the author’s algorithm. The actual research material was based on data from the Ministry of Justice, which lists the most popular female names. Using the author’s algorithm of attributive gradation, the phonetic content of female names based on vowel sounds was studied for the first time. For the first time, the colour scheme of a female noun was studied based on all vowel sounds of the name. The common attributive meaning beautiful in all of female names may be related to the phonetic properties of the vowels or perhaps historical associations that these names have. Differences in other associations and attributes may be due to other phonetic details of each name and the specifics of their cultural usage. Analysis of colour associations and semantics of names with different vowels but with unstressed [i] is interesting. The sound [i] can have different correlations with colours that arise as a result of phonetic features. Names with vowels can have a wide range of colours. The psycho-phono-semantics of the feminine noun plays an important role in the perception and understanding of names, determining what associations, impressions and emotions female names evoke. The phonetic meaning of names is subjective and may vary depending on the on the perception of the individual. A proper name, in addition to its phonetic properties, always carries a personal identity and history, and this is also an important aspect of its semantics. Prospects for further research of the stated problem are in a thorough study of the psycho-phono-semantics of masculine and feminine nouns based on the phonetic content and colour associations of vowels and consonants using the algorithm of attributive gradation.

This article is devoted to a new direction in contemporary Ukrainian linguistics, known as the grammar of evaluation. The focus is on the morphology of evaluation. This article aims to present the evaluative potential of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language. The research subject is adverbs with evaluative semantics, characterized by systemic and functional approaches. The research material consists of literary and journalistic texts and modern Internet discourse. The study integrates two main approaches: systemic (structural) and functional (discursive). Among the methods used in this article, the descriptive method is primary, allowing for the presentation of material and formulation of conclusions; the conceptual-analytical method is applied to qualify and methodologically evaluate the theoretical foundations of the morphology of evaluation. Additionally, the interpretive-contextual and discursive methods, as well as the axiological analysis method, are utilized to identify grammatical adverbial forms that carry evaluative meaning. The article discusses the potential of adverbs in modelling the meaning of quality, evaluation itself, and intensification of features. It is particularly evident in the process of adverbial compatibility with nouns. Among adjectives, national forms of evaluative presentation, especially those with intimating semantics, which represent the mentality of Ukrainians, are highlighted. These include adverbs of manner such as тудою — туди (thither — there), сюдою — сюди (hither — here), as well as diminutive forms derived from adverbs of place like тутечки (here), осьдечки (hereabouts). A system of comparative and superlative adjective forms that verbalize the intensification of evaluative meaning is also identified, including occasional form creation that is common in the Ukrainian linguistic culture. It is demonstrated that adverbs are expressive representatives of the category of evaluation. The prospect of this scientific study lies in conducting a comparative analysis of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language with analogous adjective forms in English to more distinctly identify the uniqueness of evaluative meaning verbalization presented by these forms.