Research on non-native pronoun resolution has predominantly been concerned with (i) ‘ordinary’ 3rd person pronouns/anaphors like En. "he", "she", "they" or "himself", "herself", "themselves", (ii) language pairs involving English as the native (L1) or the foreign (L2) language, and (iii) the role that binding constraints and syntactic structure in general play in L2 versus L1 processing. The present paper – a follow-up study to Pitz et al. (2017) – deviates from this trend in all three respects: We investigate how L1-Norwegian learners 
 of L2-German interpret the two German possessive pronouns/determiners "sein" (≈ his) and "ihr" (≈ her or their), arguing that lexical divergence between the possessive systems, and in particular the formal similarity between binding-neutral L2-German "sein" and the L1-Norwegian reflexive possessive "sin", may enhance or interfere with L2 comprehension, depending on the structural conditions. 
 In Section 2 we briefly present the two possessive systems. Section 3 summarizes relevant research on pronoun resolution, with a special view to possessives. Sections 4–6 present a pilot study on L1-Norwegian learners’ grammaticality judgments of "sein" and "ihr" in simple sentences (Sect. 5) and a forced-choice resolution experiment involving a group of L1-Norwegian learners with a background two or three years’ teaching of L2-German at high-school level and a control group of native speakers of German (Sect. 6). The final Section 7 provides a summary and concluding discussion of our findings.

This paper presents first findings from an offline study of Czech native speakers’ use and interpretation of reflexive and non-reflexive possessive pronouns. The study is part of a larger possessive project outlined by Fabricius-Hansen et al. (2017), leaning on the comprehension experiment presented in Pitz et al. (2017). The study encompasses questionnaire data collected from 259 informants who were tested under four different conditions on two competing pronouns: the reflexive possessive (svůj) and the 3rd person non-reflexive possessive (jeho). The results revealed that Czech native speakers show a strong uncertainty when interpreting constructions with a cataphoric non-reflexive possessive. This shows that even for native speakers, the establishment of the anaphoric and cataphoric relations under certain syntactic conditions is a challenging and highly complex task. With these results, several hypotheses are formulated in various target-source-language pairs concerning the processing of reflexive and non-reflexive possessives in L2.

The paper accounts for an unexpected embedded present tense, which denotes a future time in French relative clauses. The matrix displays either the periphrastic future or the simple future. In both cases, one can arguably decompose the matrix into a present tense feature and a forward shifter. This move leads to an analysis of the morphology encountered in the relative clause as an instance of Sequence of tense.

This paper provides an overview of Germanic languages as heritage languages, i.e. languages acquired naturalistically by children in parts of the world where these languages are not the majority language. Summarizing research on different types of heritage speakers of Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, we identify certain stable and vulnerable domains. We focus on the so far best studied areas, word order and grammatical gender, adding evidence from other lesser studied domains, such as definiteness and phonology. We propose that in addition to the linguistic make-up of the phenomena in question, the size of the heritage community and, relatedly, opportunities to use the language need to be taken into account. The latter may explain, for example, why moribund varieties of German and the Scandinavian languages in North America appear to be less stable than the language of second-generation heritage speakers in Europe.

This paper summarizes recent research on heritage language anxiety (HLA) that three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands experience in their daily lives. Through an interdisciplinary perspective, it integrates an extended questionnaire (n=113), semi-structured interviews (n=30), and an experiment (n=30) in which physiological responses (i.e. electrodermal activity) are measured during a video-retelling task conducted in monolingual and bilingual modes. Findings illustrate the complex interplay of daily sociolinguistic and socio-emotional challenges, HLA and physiological reactions. In its application of interdisciplinary research, the paper provides a more integrative glimpse into the multifaceted dimensions that underpin heritage language anxiety, particularly in the immigrant context.

Productive compounding contributes a lot to neology in Norwegian. This study investigates the use of new compounds with corona- or korona- occuring in online news articles in early 2020 when the coronavirus pandemic developed. Material from the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus was used in a quantitative analysis on a timeline. The vocabulary found to increase continually and strongly during several months, and the proportion of word types to tokens indicates a broadening of themes. After barely half a month the spelling changed from only corona- to mostly korona-.

How are emotions are expressed in Italian and in Norwegian? What are the reasons that cause people to consider Italian a more emotive language compared to the Germanic languages? To answer these questions, two translations of Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tales are analyzed: “The Emperor’s New Clothes” (Il vestito nuovo dell’Imperatore / Keiserens nye klær) and “The Ugly Duckling” (Il brutto anitroccolo / Den stygge andungen). The analysis focuses on interjections and verbs of speech. In the Italian translations, more interjections are used and the verbs of speech are more expressive (in particular, esclamare ‘to exclaim’). In the Norwegian translations, interjections are rare, sometimes different constructions are used instead, and the verbs are often more neutral (in particular, å si ‘to say’).

This study describes Italian idiomatic expressions with musical lexis compared to Norwegian idioms from the same semantic field. Lexical and semantic criteria are used for the analysis. The corpus created for this purpose contains 157 expressions collected from different lexicographic sources. Several correspondences have been observed between Norwegian and Italian idioms: for example, string instruments are often used for expression describing moods, whereas wind instruments often have a negative connotation. At the same time, Italian idioms contain many key concepts that are often missing in Norwegian culture; for example, terms used to describe the liturgy and prayer (e.g., antifona ‘antiphon’, messa ‘mass’, gloria ‘glory’, vespro ‘vespers’, and litania ‘litany’). Another interesting observation concerns the particular use of some verbs in Italian idioms: for example, suonare can signify ‘to beat’, and cantare come un canarino means ‘to betray a secret’.

come parte integrante della cultura fornendoci informazioni sulla società, in cui la lingua viene usata.Dall'altro, l'analisi effettuata si basa su un approccio contrastivo focalizzandosi su due lingue: l'italiano e il norvegese.

Negli ultimi decenni gli studi contrastivi continuano ad espandere il loro dominio segnando così l’inizio di una nuova fase: dall’analisi dei fenomeni grammaticali – prevalente negli studi del secolo scorso – l’interesse dei ricercatori si sta rivolgendo ora sempre di più verso le differenze comunicative che caratterizzano le lingue e riguardano diversi livelli linguistici, dalle strutture morfosintattiche fino alle proprietà di carattere sociolinguistico e pragmatico. Il punto di partenza di uno studio contrastivo diventano pertanto il testo visto come realizzazione generale di un qualsiasi atto comunicativo e i mezzi linguistici usati per costruirlo. Così (come vedremo nelle sezioni successive) l’analisi si concentra sulle forme usate in un contesto specifico o in una situazione comunicativa prestabilita.
 Il presente articolo ha molteplici obiettivi. Oltre a introdurre i contributi del volume, esso si propone di descrivere il testo come oggetto di uno studio contrastivo individuando gli elementi importanti per la sua costruzione; e infine suggerisce possibili strade da seguire nei futuri studi italo-norvegesi, al momento ancora poco numerosi.
 L’articolo è diviso in tre parti: la presentazione del testo come materiale per l’analisi contrastiva nella prima sezione sarà seguita, nella seconda sezione, dalla descrizione dei due tipi di analisi effettuata su due livelli (la struttura testuale e le parole usate), e si concluderà nella terza sezione con la presentazione dei contributi di questo volume.