Livestock are integral to global food security, contributing meat, milk, and eggs as vital protein sources while supporting millions of livelihoods and sustaining agricultural economies.However, conventional livestock management faces persistent challenges, including disease outbreaks, inefficient health monitoring, and unsustainable resource utilization.The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Computer Vision (CV), and advanced Sensor Technologies is revolutionizing livestock farming through intelligent, real-time, and non-invasive monitoring systems.Smart ear tags and biosensors continuously capture physiological and behavioral data, while AI-driven analytics enable early disease detection, stress assessment, and productivity optimization.These innovations empower farmers with predictive insights for proactive decision-making, improving animal welfare and minimizing economic losses.Despite immense potential, technological adoption remains constrained by high costs, limited connectivity in rural areas, and interoperability issues among IoT devices.Developing scalable, affordable, and integrated AI-sensor frameworks can overcome these barriers and transform traditional livestock farming into a data-driven, sustainable enterprise.Such precision livestock management not only enhances productivity and resource efficiency but also supports global efforts toward resilient, ethical, and technologically advanced food systems.In this review, we discuss the diverse applications of AI, sensor, and computer vision technologies in livestock management, emphasizing their potential to advance precision farming, sustainability, and global food system resilience.

Campylobacteriosis is a leading zoonotic disease of global public health significance.Antibiotics are still the scientific and realistic way in the treatment of infectious bacterial diseases.However, AMR has been rapidly increasing worldwide due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.In this study, C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from cecal samples of broiler, turkey, and cattle at the EPU level were used.The isolates were tested for susceptibility to critical and indicator antimicrobials based on ECOFF, and resistance mechanisms were analysed.Resistance rates according to species for nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline among the analysed Campylobacter isolates were identified as 75.9, 77.9, and 76.8% in broiler isolates; 80.7, 82.2, and 82.2% in turkey isolates; and 62.9, 63.8, and 75.2% in cattle isolates, respectively.In most strains, FQ resistance was primarily associated with a Thr-86-Ala mutation in the gyrA gene, while tetracycline resistance was linked to the tetO gene.Single point mutation in 23S rRNA gene (usually A2075G) or ermB gene was detected in a few strains with erythromycin resistance.In MDR strains, the cmeB membrane efflux gene was identified.In this study, the level of AMR and resistance mechanisms in indicator C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from food-producing animals demonstrated the need for urgent and sustainable collaborative action to monitor and control AMR.This study aimed to characterize the national antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter isolates from broilers, turkeys, and cattle, and to elucidate the underlying resistance mechanisms within a One Health framework.

Thyroid disorders of small ruminants are particularly problematic to the health and performance of these animals.The pathogenesis and therapeutic management of thyroid disorders, particularly hypo-and hyperthyroid diseases in sheep and goats, are recent knowledge discussed in this review article.Congenital or acquired hypothyroidism usually causes growth rate impairment, disruption of reproduction, and wool/hair abnormalities due to an excess of iodine or a goitrogen imbalance.Conversely, though rarer, hyperthyroidism is capable of causing metabolic disorders.Because thyroid function varies from species to species, diagnosis needs to be substantiated by a combination of clinical examination and analysis of hormones.Various treatment procedures, ranging from replacement of hormones and supplementation with iodine to remedial treatment of the causative nutritional or environmental defect, are available.In maximizing small ruminant population production and health, this review highlights the importance of proper diagnosis of thyroid disorder, including histopathology, serum thyroid hormone assay, radiographic, and iodine assessment test.It further highlights the therapeutic strategies such as antithyroid medications, beta blockers, iodine, T4, and selenium supplementation.Future research should focus on clarifying the exact causes and enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic methods for these economically important livestock species.

This study primarily aimed to examine BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression in various types of canine mammary gland adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemistry with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase Complex (ABC).The study material comprised adenocarcinoma samples obtained from the mammary glands of 20 dogs that were presented for routine histopathological examination at the Department of Pathology in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Kafkas University between 2012 and 2022.The tumour masses had a highly haemorrhagic and ulcerative appearance.These round or oval-shaped masses were primarily greyish-white in colour.Especially in mixed-type carcinomas, tumour masses were particularly firm in consistency due to the presence of bone and cartilage components.5 out of 20 cases (25%) were classified as mixed-type carcinoma, 4 out of 20 cases (20%) as tubular-type carcinoma, 4 out of 20 cases (20%) as solid-type carcinoma, 3 out of 20 cases (15%) as tubulopapillary-type carcinoma, 3 out of 20 cases (15%) as intraductal papillarytype carcinoma and 1 out of 20 cases (5%) as micropapillary-type carcinoma.6 cases were classified as grade-1 malignancy (30%), 6 as grade 2 (30%), and the remaining 8 as grade 3 (40%).Metastatic tumour foci in the lung and lymph nodes were also confirmed by histopathology.No difference was observed between the degree of differentiation of secondary and primary tumour foci.BRCA1-and BRCA2-positive immunolabelling were predominantly concentrated in the cytoplasm of tumour cells.Compared to metastatic cases, the immunopositivity for the aforementioned biomarkers was significantly more intense in non-metastatic cases.However, BRCA1 and BRCA2 immunoreactivities were significantly higher in early-grade cases than in advanced-grade cases.Although an ideal biomarker for canine mammary gland tumours has yet to be identified, immunohistochemical data obtained from the current study on BRCA1 and BRCA2 are considered important and useful biomarkers for determining malignancy grade, prognosis, and metastatic capacity in canine mammary gland adenocarcinomas.

Sepsis is a multifactorial condition characterized by multiple organ failure and is often lethal in clinical settings.Effective therapeutics those target immune and inflammatory pathways in sepsis remained obscure.The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cell death inhibitors (separate and combined) and the therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in endotoxin-induced sepsis.The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intra-peritoneally to both male and female BALB/c mice.Cell death inhibitors (i.e., Necrostatin-1, PJ34, Sibiriline) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4) were administered after 01 hour of LPS administration.The histopathological changes in tissue samples were observed by H&E staining, while TUNEL assay was performed to check apoptotic cells.qPCR was performed to assess the mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue injury biomarkers were also evaluated.Current study results indicated that the gross pathological changes in kidney, spleen, and liver tissue induced by LPS was reduced by Nec-1 and PJ34 administration in mice.The levels of tissue injury markers (AST, ALT) were significantly (P0.05)higher in mice challenged with LPS in comparison to control mice.The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF- and IL-1) were elevated in LPS challenged group compared to control mice which were decreased by cell death and immune checkpoint inhibitors.In conclusion, exogenous administration of cell death and immune checkpoint inhibitors showed protective effect in LPS-induced sepsis in mice by decreasing inflammatory markers and organ injury.