Background: The advancement of technology in healthcare services has given rise to telepharmacy. The success of telepharmacy depends on the knowledge, attitude, and experience of pharmacy students. However, telepharmacy is relatively new in the Indonesian pharmacy education system. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire to evaluate pharmacy students' knowledge, attitude, and experience related to telepharmacy. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 442 pharmacy students. Among them, 97.96% demonstrated a high level of knowledge about telepharmacy, and 96.60% had a positive attitude toward it. However, 85.97% of students had limited experience with telepharmacy. While there was a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude, no such correlation was observed between attitude and experience. Conclusion: The findings revealed that pharmacy students had high knowledge and attitude, but limited experience with telepharmacy. Additionally, there is a significant correlation between knowledge of telepharmacy and a positive attitude towards its use. To better prepare future pharmacists to provide effective telepharmacy services, it is essential to integrate telepharmacy practice models into the curriculum.

Background: Experiential Learning (EL) is a requirement of the General Pharmaceutical Council’s Standards for the Initial Education and Training of Pharmacists. Essential to the growth of high-quality EL is the development of the facilitators who supervise the student pharmacists in practice. This research aimed to identify the capabilities required by facilitators to support a student pharmacist effectively during EL. Methods: A two-phase mixed methods process was undertaken to reach an agreement on the capability descriptors required by EL facilitators. A literature review followed by a modified Delphi process was used to determine consensus on the identified draft capability descriptors. All feedback gained from the Delphi was analysed and used to shape the development of the descriptors. Results: A panel of 48 stakeholders was recruited to take part in the Delphi process. Response rates for the two Delphi rounds were high (Round 1 – 46 (95.8%), Round 2 – 41 (85.4%)) Following the Delphi, the initial list of descriptors was reduced to 92 descriptors across eight overall domains. Conclusion: Through this research, a high level of consensus was reached for the range of descriptors within the framework which can ensure relevant, efficient education and training for EL facilitators to develop quality EL in pharmacy environments.

Background: Anticoagulants can prevent thromboembolic activities, improve prognosis, and reduce the mortality rate in Covid-19 patients with coagulopathy. Objective: To analyse the effect of Fondaparinux in decreasing D-dimer levels, and to determine the correlation between patient characteristics, disease severity, and D-dimer levels. Methods: This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study using the medical records of Covid-19 in-patients who were ≥ 17 years old, on Fondaparinux 2.5 mg OD and had D-dimer measurement pre-and post-five days-Fondaparinux therapy during hospitalisation at referral general hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia between April 2020 and December 2021. The data were assessed to evaluate the differences in the pre-post D-dimer levels, the relationship between patient characteristics and disease severity, and the relationship between disease severity and D-dimer levels. Results: A total of thirty-six patients were included in this study, of which 52.78% were males and 44.44% were aged 46-55 years old. Furthermore, 88.89% had comorbidity, and 55.55% had moderate severity. There was a significant decrease in D-dimer levels in all disease severity (p < 0.05). Patient characteristics and disease severity were not associated with D-dimer depletion (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Fondaparinux reduced the D-dimer levels in all severity of Covid-19 patients.

Background: There had been no research on shared leadership at the team level in diverse organisation. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of shared intersectoral leadership on family planning programme’s performance. Method: This was an observational study with a prospective longitudinal time series design. This study distributed questionnaires to 30 teams which were taken by simple random sampling to provide agreed answers. The measurement of the impact of shared leadership on performance was carried out three times. Linear regression was then used to analyse the data. The shared leadership team qualified as adequate. Result: The beta coefficient value indicated that shared leadership had a strong impact on the team’s performance of the family planning programme with a value of 0.817 - 0.824 (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Once the shared leadership approach is effectively utilised, the team performance of family planning programmes will improve.

Background: Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. CH has a short half-life and low bioavailability. Microspheres combined with a mucoadhesive system can increase the residence time of the drug in the stomach to increase the bioavailability of CH. Objective: This research was conducted to obtain the best amount of carbomer as a polymer mucoadhesive and ethyl cellulose as a matrix polymer based on factorial design. Method: The factorial design 22 was used to determine the amount of carbomer and ethyl cellulose to produce optimum mucoadhesive microspheres. Three responses were observed in this study: particle size, entrapment efficiency, and mucoadhesive strength. Result: The resulting entrapment efficiency was 69.0%, particle size was 404.52 nm, and mucoadhesive strength was 64.3 grams, with drug loading and yield values of 19.13% and 99.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The optimum formula with the highest response value is the formula containing 300 mg carbomer and 1000 mg ethyl cellulose.

Background: Differences in perception among pharmacists and the absence of standards or regulations for labelling prescribed medicines in Indonesia make the labels patients receive have different designs and contents. Incomplete information and insufficient medicine label design can lead to medication errors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacists’ perception of the design and content of prescribed medicine labels. Method: This study was conducted by survey using an online questionnaire developed based on the "FIP Guidelines for The Labels of Prescribed Medicines" and Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number. 73 the year 2016 concerning Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Pharmacies. Questionnaires were distributed through personal chat and social media groups of community pharmacists. Result: A total of 925 pharmacists from 32 provinces of Indonesia participated in this study. Respondents considered the most important information on the label of prescribed drugs namely instructions for drug use (84.6%), patient name (81.6%), pharmacy name (76.1%), special instructions (71.5%), and pharmacist name (63.9%). For the label’s design, most respondents preferred printed and handwritten labels (61.2%). Conclusion: It can be concluded that different pharmacists' perceptions affect the labelling of prescribed medicines. There is a need for regulations or standards of labelling prescribed medicines.

Background: Phenytoin metabolism has been shown to vary in different ethnic groups. Therefore, the authors studied phenytoin pharmacokinetics in Indonesian adult patients with epilepsy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine and analyse the pharmacokinetic parameters of Michaelis Menten Vmax (maximum velocity) and Km (the Michaelis constant) of phenytoin in adult epileptic patients. Method: Twelve adult epileptic patients were chosen on the basis that they had two reliable steady-state phenytoin serum levels at two different daily doses and they required an additional adjustment of phenytoin dosage monotherapy. Result: The Vmax and Km values for adult epileptic patients respectively, ranged from 3.78 to 9.65 mg/kg/day and from 0.71 to 5.58 mg/L and there was no correlation with age and weight (p > 0.05). The Vmax and Km values have shown individual variability. Conclusion: The optimal adjustment of phenytoin dose individually in adult epileptic patients based on Vmax and Km parameters needs to be done to get the desired steady-state level according to the clinical response.

Background: Community-Based Sanitation Management (CBSM) in coastal areas requires motivation and support from various stakeholders. Objective: To analyse the level of CBSM based on the socio-economic status of the community and its constraints. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the subdistrict of Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia with a sample size of 414 households. The outcome measured in this study is the economic impact on CBSM. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with variable tests of economics and the level of CBSM. Result: Most communities living in coastal settlements have inadequate sanitation knowledge and skills, which poses an inhibiting factor for management. Conclusion: Community participation in sanitation management in coastal areas is significantly low (low=27.7%, medium=65.0%). Therefore, support from stakeholders is needed. This study recommends that early and continuous education alongside training is required to increase knowledge on clean, healthy, and sustainable sanitation management.

Background: Stunting is one of the global health problems that need to be considered because the impacts are very complex and long term. There are various factors that influence the incidence of stunting, including food security and parenting. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the status of household food security and parenting, as risk factors of stunting among toddlers in Pamekasan regency. Method: This research was done using the observational analytic with a case control design. Result: Household food security status had a significant relationship with the incidence of stunting. Toddlers who were in food-insecure households had a 3.5 times greater risk of experiencing stunting compared to toddlers in food-resistant families. There is a relationship between these two variables. Toddlers with poor parenting had an 8.4 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to toddlers with good parenting. Conclusion: The status of household food security and parenting is a risk factor for the incidence of stunting.

Background: Studies have shown improved learning outcomes using game-based learning (GBL) in health professions education. The aim of this systematic review was to explore and summarise the current evidence related to the design, assessment methods, and outcomes of implementing GBL in pharmacy education. It also aimed to determine and the impact of gamified learning activities on students’ perception and attainment of the desired learning outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was used for reporting this systematic review. Results: A total of 22 studies involving pharmacy students were included. GBL was utilised for a variety of pharmacy-related topics or courses including major and elective didactic courses and pharmacy practice experiences. Evaluation of GBL activities was mostly based on post-game surveys or/and quizzes. All studies showed a positive impact of game-based learning on pharmacy education. Conclusion: GBL has an important role in pharmacy education in both didactic and practicum courses. Findings show that the benefits of GBL are prominent through different areas of the pharmacy curriculum and in all professional pharmacy years.