The aim of the study was to present the sport of football in the multinational society of the Stanislaw Province in the years 1920-1939. The territory of the Stanislavan Province was located in the south-eastern part of the Second Republic of Poland. The sports clubs and associations of the Stanislav Voivodeship with a football section were part of the Lviv Regional Football Association (OZPN), and from 1934 they were part of the Stanislavov OZPN. The Stanislavovskiy OZPN included, among others, the Stanislavovskiy and Pokuckiy sub-districts. The development of organisational structures had a positive impact on the development of sport in the area. Football developed among the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish populations living in the Stanislav region. Sports clubs and associations active among the Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian populations (from 1930) took part in the competitions of the Lviv OZPN and later the Stanislav OZPN league. The 1920s and 1930s saw an increase in the number of clubs and associations with a football section. The increase in the number of clubs contributed to a rise in the level of football in the Stanislav province. The best football teams in the Stanislavian province were Revera Stanislav, Pogoń Stryj and Strzelec-Górka Stanislav. These teams competed for promotion to the national league. Their sporting successes included the Stanislav team reaching the final of the Polish Cup competition and the Strzelec-Górka Stanislav team reaching the semi-finals of the Polish Junior Championship in 1939.

This study examines lactate kinetics and performance declines during a 30- second BOSCO jump protocol in elite Taekwondo athletes, providing insights into anaerobic performance and recovery. Methods: Anthropometric data, including age, height, and weight, were collected, with averages of 21.2 years (±2.0), 181.4 cm (±4.8), and 70.6 kg (±4.3). Fatigue-induced changes were assessed by measuring jump heights, contact times, and power outputs using the Witty Jump Mat (Italy) during the first and last 5 seconds of the protocol. Blood lactate concentrations were measured with the Lactate Scout 4 (Germany) at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and at 3, 6, and 9 minutes post-exercise. Results: Significant declines were observed in jump height (mean decrease = 13%, p = 0.01) and power output (mean decrease = 15%, p = 0.02), alongside an increase in contact time (mean increase = 18%, p = 0.03), reflecting the impact of fatigue on explosive performance. Athlete B showed the greatest reduction in jump height (31.36%), revealing notable inter-individual variability in fatigue resilience. Blood lactate levels increased significantly from baseline (mean = 0.78 ± 0.08 mmol/L) to peak post-exercise (mean = 3.16 ± 1.19 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and subsequently declined. Lactate clearance rates were calculated as 40.5% at 3 minutes, 60.5% at 6 minutes, and 65.5% at 9 minutes post-exercise. Athlete D exhibited the fastest clearance rate (72%, p = 0.02), while Athlete C demonstrated delayed recovery. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for tailored conditioning programs to optimize anaerobic performance and recovery in Taekwondo athletes. Future research should explore the effects of targeted training on anaerobic capacity and competition readiness in combat sports.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a three-year swimming training program on selected anthropometric variables in a general population sample of pre-adolescent girls. Material and Method: The analysis included two groups of 10-year-old girls at the start of the study. Each research group consisted of 14 swimmers (body mass: 34.99 ± 2.77 kg; height: 146.00 ± 3.05 cm). The control group comprised girls (body mass: 37.93 ± 6.02 kg; height: 145.55 ± 3.88 cm) who participated only in mandatory physical education classes. The study spanned three consecutive years with measurements taken every six months. Selected anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: Significant differences between the first and last measurements were observed for all anthropometric traits within both groups, with larger dimensions recorded at time 6. Besides height and body weight, the greatest difference was in shoulder width, with mean increases of 11.64 cm in the experimental group and 13.71 cm in the control group. No significant differences were found between the groups for most anthropometric measurements, except for body weight, where the control group gained an estimated 3.57 kg more than the swimmers over 6 years. Discussion: In conclusion, the study highlights that regular swimming training in young girls contributes to overall physical fitness and may positively influence certain body dimensions, such as chest width and foot width. However, the majority of growth in anthropometric traits appears to be driven by natural developmental processes rather than the effects of swimming training alone.

In countries where ice hockey is a popular sport, more and more women are starting to play it at a competitive level. Physical activity of women practicing sport can have a negative impact on the lower urinary tract. Symptoms of urinary incontinence mainly occur in sports in which jumping and/or running are an integral part. In contrast, the effect of competitive ice hockey on the lower urinary tract in women is unknown. The aim of the present study was therefore to estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among female competitive ice hockey players. Forty-nine women competitively playing ice hockey were studied. The control group comprised of 49 women competitively playing other team games (football, handball, volleyball and basketball). Lower urinary tract conditions among the female athletes were assessed using the Core Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Score (CLSS) questionnaire. In the study group of female hockey players, LUTS were less frequent (95% CI: 2.15-3.53 vs. 2.88-43) and less severe (95% CI of CLSS Score: 2.61-4.66 vs. 3.55-5.79) compared to the control group, but these differences were not statistically significant. Of the 10 symptoms of LUTS assessed, only incomplete bladder emptying (p <0.05) and urethral pain (p <0.01) were statistically significantly less frequent among female competitive hockey players. Urgency was the most common symptom in female hockey players (48.98%). Urethral pain was also characterized by a statistically significant lower degree of severity (p <0.01) among female hockey players. Female competitive ice hockey does not lead to a higher prevalence of LUTS and does not result in a higher degree of severity compared to women playing other team games.

Background: Back pain is one of the most common health problems not only in the general population but also in athletes. However, there is a lack of evidence-based findings on the dose-response effect of athletic training on back pain and injuries. The aim of this study was to determine whether training experience affects the intensity of back pain and the number of injuries in moderate-to-high performance team sport athletes. Methods: A total of 147 male soccer players (age 27.8 ± 5.9 y; training experience 17.2 ± 5.6 y) and 179 male ice hockey players (age 29.2 ± 5.9 y; training experience 20.5 ± 6.1 y) were asked to complete questionnaires focusing on back pain and injuries: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Results: Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between length of training experience and the occurrence of thoracic pain (p=0.005), low back pain (p=0.016), thoracic injuries (p=0.006), and ODI (p=0.007) in soccer players. In hockey players, training duration was significantly correlated with low back pain (p<0.001) and injuries (=0.006), ODI (p<0.001), affective dimension (p<0.001), evaluative dimension (p=0.002), miscellaneous dimension (p=0.027), and total MPQ (p=0.029). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the length of training experience is another important factor influencing low back pain. Therefore, it is necessary to focus more attention on more experienced players and to include significantly more compensatory exercises and recovery time in their training process.

Data regarding associations between vertical jumping and sprinting ability is lacking in elite sprinters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between variables such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height, relative peak power, and sprint time including flight time and ground contact time across various distances in the 50-m sprint among elite sprinters. Twenty- three male sprinters performed two CMJ attempts followed by two 50-m sprints on an indoor track. Jumping performance was assessed via force plates, while sprint times were recorded using timing photocells, with gates at 0, 5, 20, 30, and 50-m. Results showed a statistically significant negative correlations ranging from large to very large, between CMJ height and sprint time (p<0.01; r= -0.56 to -0.73) across specific distances. Similarly, a significant large to very large correlations was found between CMJ relative peak power and sprint time (p<0.01; r= -0.61 to -0.85) at the studied distances. Furthermore, a large significant correlations was indicated between sprint contact time and sprint time at certain distances (p<0.01; r= -0.55 to 0.62), while sprint flight time correlated with distances above 20-m sprint time (p<0.05; r= 0.45 to 0.48) and with the 20-50-m flying start sprint time (p<0.05; r= 0.48), reaching a moderate magnitude. These findings suggest a significant negative correlation between relative peak power, CMJ height and sprint times across various distances, highlighting the potential for individualized training based on distinct sprint phases. Remarkably, the strength of these correlations increase with longer sprint distance.

The conducted research aimed to ascertain disparities in the proficiency of appraising combat scenarios among referees varying in their officiating expertise, coaches, and judo athletes. Ninety individuals partook in the study, comprising international referees, national referees, coaches, and judo athletes. Participants were assigned the task of allotting one of six possible ratings to each presented action and categorizing it into one of the groups. A meticulous analysis reveals certain distinctions as well as resemblances in the evaluations of selected actions among referees, coaches, and athletes. A notable incongruity in the appraisal of actions was noted in the shido penalty, where referees demonstrated the most precise assessments, while coaches and athletes rated them similarly. Substantial differences were identified in the evaluation of the hansoku-make penalty, as the coaches' cohort markedly disagreed with the actions depicted in the video and failed to acknowledge that the demonstrated actions warranted the most severe penalty permissible in judo competitions, namely the disqualification of the athlete during the match. Among the three groups examined, referees exhibited the highest level of accuracy in evaluating judo actions. International referees, in comparison to national referees, demonstrated superior assessment of judo actions, and this discrepancy was statistically significant. International referees more effectively evaluated judo actions such as yuko, waza-ari, shido, ippon, and hansoku-make in comparison to union referees. In one instance, union referees exhibited superior assessment of judo actions, specifically in the case of no score actions.

Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) in female athletes (FA) is a globally concerning but neglected topic in Croatia. The purpose was to examine the occurrence and severity of UI in Croatian FA and occurrence-associated factors. Methods: In May 2022, an anonymous online survey collecting general sports characteristics and the Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) were sent to individual FA. Obtained data were analysed with the PSPP program: chi-square test, t-test and analysis of variance with a defined significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The presence of UI in the total sample of 70 FA competing in 12 different sports is 24.3 %: 8 (29.6 %) handball players, 3 (42.9 %) tennis players, 2 (40 %) water polo players, one (14.3 %) synchronised swimmer, seven soccer players (14.3 %), one weightlifter (50 %) and the only swimmer (100 %). According to ICIQ-UI SF, in 70.59 % of FA with UI, a small amount of urine leaks approximately once a week or less often, mainly after urination and dressing up (35.29 %). The UI interference with quality of life is mild (70.59 %) and moderately severe (29.41 %), and the UI severity is slight (47 %) to moderate (53 %). Smokers report UI to a greater extent (χ2(1, n = 70) = 4.666, p < 0.05), while other sports and FA characteristics did not yield significant findings. Conclusions: UI is present in a quarter of examined Croatian FA, with mild to moderate severity. It mildly interferes with the quality of life and seems to be associated with smoking. Our findings contribute to preserving women's health in sports and apply to UI assessment in FA and counselling on smoking cessation as a proven UI risk.

Pre-competition training emphasizes the development of total physical fitness components and maintains aerobic and anaerobic capacity with improved techno-tactical skills. The primary objective of this investigation was to establish the efficacy of a pre-competition training program. There were a total of 24 (12 rugby and 12 Soccer) elite players randomly selected from the Ba and Lautoka regions (Fiji). The players had a mean age of 21.45±2.34 years, body mass of 84.62±6.62 kg, stature 183.35±3.24, and body mass index of 22.62±4.31 kg/m2. This study was conducted nine weeks before the main competition. The study involved a pre-and post-test design, wherein all participants underwent two rounds of testing. The pretest was conducted before the commencement of an eight-week pre-competition training program, while the post-test was administered after the program was completed. This pre-competition training program was scheduled five times per week for 45 minutes per day. The participant's performance was measured using the Beep test, Wingate anaerobic test, star excursion balance test, and visual motor coordination test. After eight weeks of the pre-competition training program, significant improvement has occurred for maximal aerobic capacity (t=-14.79, p=<0.001), anaerobic power (t=-12.22, p=<0.001), dynamic balance (t=-7.41, p=<0.001), and visual motor coordination (t=8.38, p=<0.001) in all the players. The study confirmed that the eight weeks of pre-competition training programs containing aerobic and anaerobic workouts enhanced the performance of the Beep test, Wingate anaerobic test, star excursion, and visual motor coordination test.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the physical education learning process to switch to online methods. Conditions such as this do not result in optimal Physical Activity (PA) (sports activity) carried out by students, which has an impact on their Physical Fitness (PF). With regard to PF, Body Mass Index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) during the COVID-19 period also need to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of PA, BMI, and SES on students' PF during the COVID-19 period. A total of 69 junior high school students were sampled, consisting of male (n=34) and female (n=35). PA data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), BMI using anthropometric data, SES using a questionnaire (education level and parental income for one month), and PF using an Indonesian physical fitness test for the age group of 13-15 years. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. The results showed that PA, BMI, and SES affected students' PF (P<0.05), with a simultaneous effect of 67.60%. The effects of PA is 41.50%, BMI is 32.60%, and SES is 38.70%. Of these three factors, PA is the dominant factor affecting PF without neglecting other factors (BMI and SES). In conclusion, regular PA, balanced nutritional intake, and good SES have an impact on students' PF. This research is expected to be useful for school principals, teachers (especially physical education teachers), parents, and students to evaluate the importance of these factors for the survival of quality children. Future studies should also consider other factors related to students' PF.