This study aimed to assess the relationship between improperly conducted play and the frequency of aggressive behaviour in cats. The research was conducted using an anonymous survey. Three thousand five hundred respondents with cats took part in the study. Among the animals, 58.9% were individuals aged 1 to 5 years, 24.4% were cats aged 6-15 years, under 14.4% and senior cats over 15 years of age 2.3%. The results were statistically analyzed using the Statistica 13.1 program. Almost half of the respondents confirmed playing with the cat with their hands (42.3%). Aggressive behaviours most often mentioned by caretakers were biting, scratching, attacking hands/legs and attacking other animals. Significant correlations were observed between the occurrence of aggressive behaviour and the way of ending play with the cat. The least aggressive behaviour towards other animals occurred when playing more than three times a day.

Water-based recreation making use of the assets offered by the lakes. The impact of recreational activities on the macroinvertebrate communities in the littoral zone was investigated by comparing sites that had been altered for recreational purposes with sites that had not been used for this purpose. The study was conducted on fourteen lowland lakes situated in the north-eastern region of Poland. A semi-quantitative method was used to sample the infralittoral macroinvertebrates at the recreationally used site and two reference sites. The results obtained indicate that the development of recreational facilities has a moderate impact on macroinvertebrate assemblages. Significant differences (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05) were identified in the macroinvertebrate assemblages of the compared sites in eight of the fourteen studied lakes. The observed biodiversity was predominantly lower compared to the reference sites, and the differences in community structure may be the result of the homogeneity of the littoral habitats. In part of the lakes surveyed, macroinvertebrate communities were found to be similar between those used for recreation and sites that had been transformed for recreational functions.

Demand for giant African Land snail (Archachatina marginata) is on the increase in recent years, but not much is known about the health indicators of this animal under indoor or intensive rearing. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of liveweight on biochemical and physiological parameters of Archachatina marginata and to establish reference ranges for these parameters. Snails used were assigned to 3 groups of 20 snails each based on their liveweight. Haemolymph collected was analyzed for biochemical, hormonal and selected minerals. Result showed that the effect of liveweight was not significant (P > 0.05) for Total protein (TP), Triglyceride (Trig), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Glucose (Glu). However, Liveweight had significant effect (p < 0.05) on Albumin (Alb), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Cholesterol (Chl) and Creatinine (Crt).For hormonal profile, only T4 was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by liveweight, while effect of liveweight was not significant on Triiodothyronine (T3), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Estradiol (E2) and Progesterone (P4). For haemolymph minerals, liveweight only had significant effect on Cu and Fe among others. Physiological profiles quantitatively recorded for each of liveweight groups by the the present standard protocols provide a reference basis to quantify physiological changes under different environmental conditions.

We measured the impact and distribution of the activity of minning “Ferronikel” on the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni) in the locality Drenas and their effect in oxidative stress of some parameters: carbonyl of proteins, malondyaldehid MDA and total proteins in hepatopancreas of snail Helix pomatia.L. 120 soil samples and 120 snails collected through concentric circles from the pollution point at 1 km, 2 km, 5 km. The dry sample of 0.3 g was treated with reagents HNO3 69%, H2O2 30% in a ratio of 1:3 and then they were filtered and the content was read in flame absorber Analyticjena Contra AAA. Snail hepatopancreas samples after measurement and homogenization in phosphate buffer 9:1 of the weight of live tissue, were treated with relevant methods and were read in a spectrophotometer. The results of this research show that have a high concentration in polluted area of these metals in the soil and therefore they bioaccumulate in the snail shell and cause oxidative stress in the hepatocytes of the tissue snail Helix pomatia L.

The immune system of animals plays an important role in the homeostasis system. This aimed at the apoptosis of immune cells of the peripheral bloodstream and milk secretions at different periods of lactation in cows. The investigation of the immune defense of cows was conducted during various lactation periods: early (3-5 days), mid (90-150 days), and late (drying off - 5-7 days; dry period - 12-20 days) periods of mammary gland function. The highest intensity of apoptosis neutrophils (P<0.01) and monocytes (P<0.01) in the mid-lactation period. The highest intensity of apoptosis is observed in phagocytic cells during the secretions colostrum period and mammary gland involution. The study of physiological constants of blood cell apoptosis will serve as a basis for developing informative methods of mastitis diagnosis in cows and implementing effective treatment measures. The findings obtained from this research are valuable for practical veterinarians and from a public health perspective.

In Poland, hunting can be practiced only by a member of the Polish Hunting Association (PZŁ) . Hunting club (basic unit of PZŁ) members include people residing on the club’s premises, as well as non-local hunters. An analysis of hunter involvement in the club’s tasks was carried out, on example of the Military Hunting Association no. 294 and covering hunting seasons from the 2018/2019 to the 2021/2022. The research was based on the data available in the PZŁ club system and the club’s documentation. Local hunters show greater interest and efficiency during individual hunts. Membership in more than one club does not reduce involvement in the club’s activities. Hunters prefer to pay the contribution for the development of the club rather than work it off. Local hunters engage in conducting the animal inventory. The impact of the COVID-19 social restrictions on the increase in hunting activity was ambiguous.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of five different conventional (maceration, reflux, and soxhlet) and non-conventional (microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)) techniques of extracting secondary metabolites (total phenols, total flavonoid and total condensed tannin Contents) and their antioxidant activity (2,2-diphényl 1-picrylhydrazyle free radical-scavenging ability, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) obtained from Retama Raetam twigs using two green solvents (water and ethanol 70%). The aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts obtained by MAE revealed the highest contents of total phenols (168.24 ± 0.79 and 182.6 ± 1.29 mg EAG / g DR, respectively), and flavonoids (12.,28 ± 0.92 and 39.97 ± 1.11 mg EC/ g DR, respectively), and exhibited a significant capacity to scavenge free radicals with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.45± 0.75 and 0.34 ± 0.39 mg/mL, and a significant iron reducing power with median effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.358 ± 0.2 and 0.28 ± 0.1 mg/mL for the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts, respectively. The MAE was proven to be the most efficient extraction technique for the extraction of antioxidants from Retama Raetam twigs.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the period of occurrence of the European beaver (Castor fiber L.) population on foraging strategies and on the diversity of the species of cutting trees and shrubs. Two beaver populations at different stages of development - a younger (42yr) population from the Kampinos National Park and an older (72yr) population from the Wigry National Park were studied. Both populations foraged according to the Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT), according to which the distance to available food depends on its size and the distance to reach it. The dominant factors modifying the foraging behavior of beavers and their foraging ranges were the presence of a dam, the availability of preferred species. The greater diversity in the areas where beaver are found may be the result of both beaver activity and the selection of more attractive areas for dam construction.