Abstract In this paper, the topic of electromagnetic compatibility will be discussed in general terms, followed by an explanation of the immunity test, specifically the bulk current injection method. Afterward, the measurement setup will be described, both in terms of hardware and software configuration, utilizing R&S®ELEKTRA test software. The model for the device under test, the standard cell parasitic model, and the equivalent circuit model of bulk current injection test setup are developed for the immunity test.

Abstract Preheating is crucial in welding high-strength steels as it reduces the risk of cold cracking, manages residual stresses, and improves the mechanical properties of welded joints. This study examines various preheating techniques and their effects on the temperature field, residual stress distribution, and deformation behavior in high-strength steel welding. The specific procedures for enhancing it are discussed in this paper, focusing mainly on preheating, controlled heat input during welding, and additionally heat treatment of the welded joint. Through experimental analysis, the optimal preheating temperatures and methods for different steel grades, including S960QL and S1100M, are determined. The results indicate that preheating significantly lowers residual stress, prevents brittle fractures, and enhances overall weld quality.

Abstract Urbanization disrupts the natural water cycle, increases runoff, and overloads sewer systems, leading to floods and environmental damage. This study addresses these issues at Jakubovo Square in Bratislava using an underground retention tank made of AquaCell modules. Comprising 936 plastic blocks, it has a volume of 259.79 m 3 and captures rainfall from 17,045 m 2 of impervious surfaces. The design was optimized with Wavin Intesio software according to the ATV-DWA-A 138:2005 standard. The system includes filters, oil separators, and uses rainwater for irrigation. Installation steps such as excavation, geotextile placement, and module assembly are described. The project demonstrates a sustainable approach to urban water management.

Abstract A tramway is a type of public transportation system that uses streetcars running on rail tracks. It provides a reliable and comfort means of travel for short to medium distances. When choosing the best site location for a tramway, several factors should be considered to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. The aim of this paper is to identify the main criteria for selecting the best location of tramway routes, and statement the influence of each criterion through the utilization of the analytic hierarchy process. The outcome showed that the primary criteria were (traffic flow, land use, travel time, traffic emission, traffic noise), and their influences based on analytic hierarchy process method were 37.83% for traffic flow, 29.43% for land use, 19.11% for travel time, 7.97% for traffic emission, 5.65% for traffic noise.

Abstract This study presents a multilingual system for automatic question generation from source code in Python, C++, Java, and C. Using static code analysis, and template-based methods; it extracts code structure and generates questions aligned with Bloom's Taxonomy. A dataset of 456 questions from 19 algorithms and three code complexity levels was used. Current systems are monolingual; this approach handles four programming languages with a unified framework. The system was evaluated using several metrics, including the overall quality score. The automatic evaluation shows that C achieved a slightly higher overall quality score of 0.59, while the other languages scored 0.57. Human evaluation complements the automated evaluation, providing educators' perspective on question quality.

Abstract Open spaces have always sustained a social dimension, defined formally by structures and functions. Transforming character of spatial relationships, from a small cell of living unit to those of manufacts in city scale, altered the essence of togetherness of open urban form. Today, hybrid residential complexes have polarized the qualities of outer areas. The work investigates the transformative character of common open spaces in residential complexes in Pristina confronting neighborhoods where current strategies question the concepts of inclusivity and social sustainability. Existing and new residential areas extricate the character of open space through its form, where the progressive social character depends on spatial definition considering the scale of openness and functional diversity.

Abstract As China enters a phase of high-quality development, urban development is transitioning from extensive expansion to refined quality enhancement. During this phase, urban renewal must adapt to the new objectives and demands of urban development in the new era. The concept of “Inside Flow”, with its environmental and social friendly characteristics, provides a universally applicable and effective means for the sustainable renewal of old communities. Drawing on the practical case study of the renewal of the eastern section of Yaojiayuan Road in Beijing, a “small-scale, gradual, and recyclable” strategy based on the concept of “Inside Flow”, is operated for the renewal of public space in old communities that aligns with spatial form development and urban operational logic. This paper aims to offer insights for the sustainable renewal of public space in old communities in the future.

Abstract Urban growth often follows existing road infrastructures, leading to linear expansion that challenges urban planning. This research examines ring roads' potential to promote compact urban growth. An agent-based model simulates expansion in a grid city, using three rules: preference for the city center, proximity to roads, and proximity to developments. The model allows customizable directional and ring roads. Scenarios with and without ring roads are compared to evaluate their role in mitigating linear growth. The study finds that ring roads can have an impact on containing urban sprawl and development and can also encourage a more compact urban form to be developed.

Abstract This study examines the relationship between heritage conservation and urban development as essential elements of sustainability, focusing on the urban built heritage of Çarshia e Madhe in Gjakova and the Old Town center of Ohrid. The analysis highlights their historical significance, unique architecture, and potential for contemporary development. Three key elements identity, coherence, and diversity are emphasized to assess the role of built heritage in urban revitalization and sustainable development. The findings indicate that integrated architectural design and urban planning can foster stakeholder collaboration, aligning various sector activities for sustainable development. In conclusion, this approach can help institutions in reconciling diverse interests, reinforcing the role of urban heritage as a cornerstone of sustainable urban development.

Abstract The method of calculation of three-layer panels with cuts and holes, enabling one to take into account the effect of different peculiarities on the distribution of strains and moments with good accuracy, is presented. Tasks for the estimation of three-layer plates with the sections and apertures practical work are solved in the conditions of various options of edges fixation and different types of loads. The estimation method on rigidity of three-layer plates with the sections and apertures has been drawn.