ABSTRACT Regarding the inferior mechanical performance and physical characteristics of low‐density polyethylene, this study explores the development and characterization of LDPE and PETG with varying PETG concentrations (55 wt.%, 70 wt.%, and 85 wt.%) to evaluate their shape memory properties, stress relaxation, thermal analysis and printing ability. Tensile testing revealed significant variations in mechanical performance, with strength increasing by 37%, from 17.04 MPa for PETG55 to 23.42 MPa for PETG85. DMTA highlighted PETG's dominant influence on the composites' thermomechanical behavior, with the glass transition temperature peaking at approximately 87°C. Shape memory testing demonstrated fixity ratios of 92%–93% for all compositions and recovery ratios ranging from 86% to 96%, with the highest recovery ratio observed in PETG85. The behavior of the cyclic shape memory up to the fifth cycle shows a gradual decrease until the third pass and then a stabilization. SEM provided detailed insights into the composites' microstructure, revealing interfacial bonding quality, void formation, and phase distribution, characterized by a PETG matrix‐droplet morphology. This study establishes that higher PETG content enhances thermal stability, mechanical strength, and shape memory performance, while increased LDPE content contributes to improved stress relaxation and processing flexibility. These results position PETG‐LDPE composites as promising candidates for high‐performance applications in aerospace and industrial environments, particularly where shape memory behavior and tailored thermomechanical properties are required.

ABSTRACT Dextran, a neutral exopolysaccharide, is biosynthesized through lactic acid fermentation. Its chemical structure consists of α‐1,6‐linked D ‐glucose units with abundant hydroxyl functional groups. These features allow for diverse chemical modifications, enabling the development of novel nanostructures with tailored and controlled properties. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non‐toxicity, and non‐immunogenic nature, dextran and its derivatives have been widely explored across various biomedical domains, including food sciences, pharmaceuticals, biomedicines, and nutraceuticals. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in dextran‐based nanostructures, with a particular focus on their applications in drug delivery. Common fabrication techniques such as nanoprecipitation, emulsification, and self‐assembly are first discussed. We then critically evaluate the reproducibility and suitability of these methods in achieving essential drug‐loading criteria, including encapsulation efficiency and structural stability. Key challenges in the field are also addressed, especially the impact of fabrication methods and chemical modifications on the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of dextran nanostructures. Finally, we explore the potential of dextran‐based systems for targeted drug delivery and their influence on drug efficacy.

ABSTRACT Early cancer diagnosis is key to preventing cancer due to promoting its occurrence. Now treatment methods such as chemotherapy influence healthy tissue in addition to cancerous tissue. Also, creating 3D‐cancer models with the same structure as normal tumor tissue is essential for investigating cancer biology. Nanofibers with unique properties such as high surface‐to‐volume ratio and the ability to load appropriate amounts of drugs, creating a matrix similar to the body, have provided interesting capability for diagnosing and treating reproductive system cancer. 3D‐model nanofibers provided possible ways to investigate reproductive system cancer and drug screening. As targeted drug delivery systems, nanofibers release drugs in the tumor area and minimize side effects on healthy tissues. In this review, the properties of nanofibers, material types, and their manufacturing methods have been discussed in reproductive systems. Studies show that nanofibers have the potential to diagnose and treat cancer of the reproductive systems; future research and clinical research will highlight their importance soon.

ABSTRACT Barrier coatings are an essential advancement for enhancing the performance of paper‐based packaging. Unlike plastics, paper possesses inherent weaknesses such as high porosity, poor moisture and gas resistance, low thermal stability and a lack of heat‐sealability. While biopolymers have emerged as a viable, eco‐friendly alternative to conventional petroleum‐based polymers, glass and metals which are not biodegradable and are also harmful to the environment. The poor moisture, temperature, gas tolerance and other drawbacks of biopolymer barrier coatings, however, limit their wide range of applications. As global demand for sustainable packaging grows, overcoming these technical deficiencies is critical to ensuring product quality, extended shelf life and physical protection. Furthermore, cost‐effectiveness remains a decisive factor in the transition to bio‐based solutions. This review provides a comprehensive, evidence‐based analysis of biopolymer coatings, focusing on their capacity to prevent oxygen and moisture infiltration in the paper packaging sectors as well as any potential corrections that may be necessary to support their increased use. The article examines, assesses and tries to describe the entire current situation of paper packaging which calls for the improvements. This will generate sufficient knowledge and concern regarding the necessity of barrier coating composed of bio polymers and for using paper packaging sustainably.

ABSTRACT Bone defects, arising from trauma, infections, or congenital anomalies, pose significant challenges in orthopedics. This study presents the development and evaluation of a composite scaffold composed of chitosan (CS), silk fibroin, and carbonated hydroxyapatite, further enhanced with growth factors (GF), for bone tissue engineering applications. Chitosan offers biocompatibility and biodegradability, silk provides mechanical strength and cellular interaction, whereas carbonated hydroxyapatite mimics bone mineral content. The scaffolds [Chitosan, Chitosan, Silk, Carbonated Hydroxyapatite (CSH) and Chitosan, Silk, Carbonated Hydroxyapatite (CSH) with GF (CS, CSH, CSH + GF)] were fabricated using freeze‐drying techniques and characterized through porosity, swelling, compressive and tensile strength tests, FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM–EDX, and biodegradation studies. Results showed that CSH + GF scaffolds demonstrated increased porosity, enhanced swelling capacity, and improved angiogenic potential, along with favorable mechanical properties and structural stability. SEM–EDX analysis confirmed the presence of essential elements for bone regeneration. Cytotoxicity assays and SEM‐based cell proliferation studies revealed superior biocompatibility and cell growth in CSH + GF scaffolds. The biodegradation rate of CSH + GF was slower, indicating extended structural support. Angiogenesis assays also suggest significant blood vessel formation in CSH + GF, affirming its regenerative potential. This composite scaffold offers a biomimetic platform for enhanced osteo‐conduction, cell proliferation, and vascularization. The integration of growth factors further augments regenerative outcomes, presenting a promising alternative to traditional bone grafts. This study highlights the potential of CSH + GF scaffolds in advancing bone tissue engineering and improving clinical management of bone defects.

ABSTRACT The development of high‐performance polybenzoxazole (PBO) materials relies on novel AB‐type monomers to overcome challenges in stoichiometric control and enhance material processability. However, significant challenges remain in the molecular structure innovation and efficient synthesis of such monomers. This study successfully developed a novel AB‐type self‐condensing monomer based on a benzimidazole structure—2‐(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐carboxylic acid‐1 H ‐benzimidazole (ACBP). Starting from 3,4‐diaminobenzoic acid and 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, the monomer was efficiently synthesized through cyclization condensation and reduction reactions. This method offered advantages such as simplicity, environmental benignity, and low energy consumption, and achieved a high yield. Experimental results demonstrated that ACBP exhibited excellent storage stability. Furthermore, the monomer was subjected to a programmed temperature‐controlled polycondensation reaction in polyphosphoric acid and successfully yielded poly[2,5‐(1 H ‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzoxazole] (ABPBIO) with an intrinsic viscosity as high as 5.9 dL/g. The structures of the monomer and polymer were systematically characterized using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which confirmed their molecular configurations. Performance studies revealed that ABPBIO not only possessed outstanding thermal stability, with 5% weight‐loss temperatures ( T 5% ) of 551.6°C in air and 615.2°C in N 2 , and char yields of 44.1% and 76.6%, respectively, surpassing those of similar materials reported in the literature, but also exhibited good gas‐phase water adsorption capabilities. Based on these superior properties, the polymer shows promising potential for specialized applications in fields such as firefighting and chemical protection.

ABSTRACT In the present investigation we explore the modified epoxy (Ep) composite by cold plasma treated fillers. It is completely analyzed by structure, morphology, mechanical, thermophysical, and wear‐resistance properties. Conducting carbon black (CCB) and Titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) were initially exposed to a pin‐on‐plate plasma. Void optimization was observed by 22%–33% in the composite system compared to virgin epoxy. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of hybrid filler‐induced order domains by phase transform. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) confirms the presence of hydrogen bonding (3600 cm −1 ) as a function of loaded hybrid filler. Raman spectroscopy confirms that the increased I D / I G ratio is due to the surface defect over the hybrid filler. Planar morphology and uniform dispersion of hybrid filler were revealed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Shore D hardness increased (15%–16%) for the treated hybrid filler composite. Thermal conductivity (0.2–0.5 W/mk) was directly proportional to plasma duration, confirmed by portable Lee's disc method. Glass transition temperature ( T g ) increased as a function of plasma. Dielectric constant and loss followed the Maxwell‐Wagner polarization model. Synergetic effect on wear demonstrated (≤ 50% to 80%) compared to virgin Ep. These findings may be feasible for various engineering applications.

ABSTRACT This study investigated and evaluated bioadhesives formulated with citric acid and glucose, modified with lignin, starch, or glycerol, assessing their potential application in plywood bonding. The formulations were characterized in terms of solids content, rheological behavior, and functional groups (FTIR), while the produced panels were evaluated for their physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. All bioadhesives exhibited thermal stability and pseudoplastic behavior, which is suitable for adhesive spreading and hot‐pressing processes. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of ester bonds between citric acid and hydroxyl‐rich components, indicating effective crosslinking. Regarding physical properties, starch increased the susceptibility of panels to water absorption (53% after 2 h and 78% after 24 h), whereas glycerol showed low initial water absorption (27%) but high thickness swelling (126% after 2 and 24 h). Among the treatments, the starch‐modified adhesive achieved the best mechanical performance (MOR of 23.5 MPa and MOE of 2720 MPa), which was attributed to the formation of a denser polymeric network and a continuous glue line. Lignin also enhanced mechanical performance and bioadhesive homogeneity, while glycerol increased viscosity and flexibility but resulted in intermediate strength due to its plasticizing effect. Although the mechanical and rheological performance was promising, the high intrinsic acidity of citric‐acid‐based systems remains a critical aspect that must be addressed for industrial implementation, particularly regarding wood durability and long‐term panel stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that bioadhesives are promising alternatives for the plywood industry, offering satisfactory performance while reducing environmental impact and enabling the use of renewable raw materials.

ABSTRACT The accurate prediction of the storage modulus of chromium‐crosslinked polymer gels presents a complex but critical challenge due to the interplay of structural, chemical, and mechanical factors. This study implements a robust ensemble learning framework, combining Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), AdaBoost (AB), and Ensemble Learning (EL) to model and predict the storage modulus with high accuracy. A dataset incorporating key features, such as polymer and chromium concentrations, strain, temperature, and pH, was used to train these models. Among them, RF presented superior accuracy with R 2 of 0.7995 and mean squared error (MSE) of approximately 170.7 million in the test phase, outperforming its counterparts in generalizability. However, Decision Trees and AdaBoost exhibited severe overfitting, with AdaBoost reaching a training R 2 of 0.9989 but failing in testing ( R 2 = 0.8989, MSE = ~86 million). To address overfitting, hyperparameter optimization, and regularization strategies were implemented, including limiting tree depth and controlling estimator numbers. Feature importance analysis using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) identified strain (%) as the most significant negative factor, while chromium concentration positively influenced modulus. These findings align with physical and chemical principles, as strain disrupts gel networks while increased crosslink density enhances storage modulus. The novelty of this methodology lies in its departure from conventional reinforcement learning‐based optimization approaches. Unlike reward‐driven route optimization frameworks, this ensemble learning model integrates experimental physicochemical parameters with explainable inference. This enables direct mechanistic insight into the structural behaviors governing gel elasticity, establishing a distinctive and interpretable computational pathway for polymer‐gel modulus prediction.