This study critically examines the environmental and social impacts of Nigeria’s fossil fuel dependency, focusing on pollution levels, health outcomes, and climate risk exposure within oil-producing regions. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset spanning 2015 to 2023, the analysis employs panel regression and instrumental variable techniques to address potential endogeneity and capture dynamic relationships. Results indicate that fossil fuel extraction and associated activities contribute to environmental degradation and increased vulnerability to climate risks, though the direct statistical significance of some effects remains limited, potentially due to data constraints. The findings underscore the complex interplay between economic development, environmental sustainability, and social wellbeing in resource-rich contexts. Policy recommendations emphasize the importance of strengthening regulatory frameworks, promoting renewable energy transitions, and enhancing community health infrastructure to mitigate adverse effects. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable development in fossil fuel-dependent economies and highlights avenues for future interdisciplinary research.

This study aims to analyse farmers’ perceptions of agricultural risk in Korçë County, one of Albania’s most important agricultural regions. A structured survey was conducted with 300 randomly selected farmers, representing a diversity of farm sizes and production types across the area. The data were processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a statistical method that identifies latent patterns in multidimensional datasets. A total of 25 variables were examined, grouped into five key categories of agricultural risk: production, market, financial, legal/institutional, and human resource risks. Farmers assessed both the probability of occurrence and the severity of impact for each risk factor using a 5-point Likert scale. Composite risk indices were then constructed to capture the perceived significance of each risk. The PCA helped extract the principal components underlying farmers’ responses, revealing dominant dimensions of perceived risk. Findings indicate that production and market risks are the most prominent concerns among farmers, significantly influencing their decision-making, planning strategies, and the long-term viability of their farm operations. These two risk categories emerged as the most influential across the sample, suggesting a need for greater support mechanisms and risk mitigation strategies in these areas. The study highlights the importance of designing targeted agricultural policies and support services that address the specific risk priorities of farmers in Korçë County. It underscores the value of strengthening farmers’ adaptive capacity and resilience in the face of environmental uncertainties and market volatility. These insights provide a useful foundation for informed decision-making and the development of sustainable, risk-responsive agricultural development policies in Albania.

This paper analyzes the non-recognition of Kosovo's statehood by a group of key states, including five European Union members (Spain, Greece, Romania, Cyprus, and Slovakia) and two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with veto power, China and Russia. The focus is on the interaction between legal factors and political considerations in formulating these positions. The use of recognition theories in international law, as well as an examination of literature and official documents, helps clarify the fragmented context of Kosovo’s international subjectivity. Non-recognition directly affects Kosovo's ability to integrate into international organizations and exercise multilateral diplomacy. The ongoing non-recognition of Kosovo remains a reflection of tensions between law and politics in the international system. In this context, the study suggests that Kosovo's international subjectivity could be built through approaches sensitive to the context, shifting the focus from diplomatic confrontation to the creation of stable relations with non-recognizing states.

There is a transition from labour-intensive traditional methods to the use of technology-intensive systems to identify risky taxpayers in tax audits. With this process, which has been accelerating for decades, statistical models that will reduce tax loss and evasion of states and increase efficiency in collection have been diversified in the field of machine learning. While innovations in software programs with digitalisation transformation reduce the manual workload of the tax administration, machine learning algorithms are used with experts employed in the field in continuously developing risk analysis studies. For tax administrations that fall behind these developments, the identification of high-risk taxpayers, the effectiveness of collection, and tax compliance are becoming more difficult to audit in the context of rapidly increasing global data. The influence of a country's distinctive historical, economic, and sociological characteristics is a significant determinant of taxpayer behaviour. Establishing relationships across taxpayer characteristics and classifying behaviours in the tax risk management process affects the success of tax scenarios. Although, the work of experts in traditional methods and data analysis in auditing is limited, the effectiveness of data mining methods and the combination of the results obtained with tax scenarios approach the desired accuracy rate in risk detection. For this reason, it is observed that different methods are tested in experimental studies since a single technique that audits all business records cannot be sufficient and reliable. This study elucidates the deployment of information technology and digital tools in tax risk management, with consideration of the nuances inherent to the diverse national contexts.

This study explores the challenges Albanian learners in Kosovo face while acquiring the English tense system, focusing specifically on common difficulties with tense usage. The research gathered data from questionnaires and written texts, revealing a high incidence of errors in tenses such as the Past Simple, Present Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Simple. Incorrect tense constructions emerged as the most frequent issue, with native language interference and rule overgeneralization contributing to the learners’ difficulties. Mistakes were particularly prominent in the Past and Present Simple tenses, suggesting that these areas require targeted attention in language instruction. The study emphasizes the need for more comprehensive research, especially through longitudinal and spoken data analysis, to improve teaching strategies for Albanian ESL learners in addressing tense-related errors.

The objective of this study was to examine and contrast the incidence of violence reported by White Code in a university hospital in Turkey and to analyse the phenomenon of workplace violence in terms of related variables. The study included 477 cases of violence against health workers reported between 2018 and 2023. The data were collected using a complete census method. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were employed for the statistical evaluation. Results: The majority of those subjected to violence were doctors (69.6%). The emergency services were the setting in which violence was encountered most frequently (51.6%). It was observed that physicians were exposed to verbal violence more than other occupational groups. There was a difference between years according to the type of violence, and violence was mostly caused by miscommunication. Consequently, it would be beneficial to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of the consequences of violence on healthcare professionals.

This case study explores the relationship between an Italian as a foreign language teacher’s beliefs and online teaching practices in a tertiary education setting during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Specifically, it aims to find out the teachers’ beliefs with regard to their professional identities, and their roles in foreign language teaching classrooms. Besides, it was discussed if the teachers’ beliefs concerning their role identities are related to their classroom practices. Data were collected over an academic term through one semi-structured interview and two observations conducted at beginning and at the end of the semester in order to see if there are any differences according to the professional roles of the instructor in the course of time depending on the learners’ enhanced Italian language competence. The findings of the study revealed that the instructor acted out as a manager, facilitator, input provider, motivator and a translator in two observations, showing a slight difference in degree of synchronous interaction among the instructor and the students with the printed text, video tape or Web site. The interview responses revealing the instructor’s beliefs were correlated with the roles observed in synchronous communication. This study is limited to the online foreign language classroom. It would be interesting to observe what other roles the teachers play in the face-to-face classroom. It may be suggested that the studies investigating those of teachers instructing foreign languages other than English may enlighten the research on teachers’ beliefs and their professional role identities and contribute to the professional development of foreign language teachers. Last but not least, for professional growth of pre-service foreign language teachers, preliminary studies on teacher cognition should be included in the curriculum of teaching practicum.

When we look at the past of human history, it is known that numerous events that cause loss of life and property have occurred. The negativities experienced arise due to both the human hand and the reactions of nature. The accident doesn't say I'm coming, but it can give a signal! Because when looking at the cause of many events, it is possible to see that some messages are actually hidden. For example, the decrease in the diversity of living species comes from the fact that humans are killing nature. Considering the losses here, it is not possible not to mention the concept of cost. It is clear that every positive or negative event or situation experienced has a cost in one's life. At this point, what is needed to manage costs and maintain human life on a higher quality ground? Just as nature prefers to receive in return for what it offers, human beings will want to receive in return for their attitudes and behaviors. Then, two key tools emerge, on which man must concentrate in the nature he lives in; quality and cost. Because, in the face of the concept of quality, which consists of living to the standards that should be, the costs, which are the cost of the relevant life, show themselves. Therefore, the issue of quality costs is very important in the continuation of human life. This study, it is aimed to examine the Deepwater Horizon oil platform accident in terms of quality costs and to make suggestions in terms of quality costs to prevent its recurrence. The aforementioned disaster has been evaluated over its quality costs, and a predictable cost table has been presented to avoid the repetition of its consequences. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the disaster in question killed sustainability. To avoid similar cases in the future, suggestions have been made for the costs of failure.

Exchange rate fluctuations do not affect only the companies and individuals that engage in foreign currency-based transactions. As economic exposure features, even entities with no foreign currency assets and obligations are affected from the movements in exchange rates. Exchange rates, in fact, are closely related with several macroeconomic variables including stock prices and returns. Investigations into the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and stock returns are widely observed among financial participants and academic circles. This study aims at exploring the link between exchange rate volatility and stock returns by investigating the US Dollar/Turkish Lira (USD/TRY) exchange rate volatility and Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (BIST-100) returns. In the study, 406 days of data for the period 11.03.2020-28.10.2021 were included in the analysis. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test was used to analyze the stationarity of the variables. As a result of the test, it is seen that the series are stationary at the I(0) level. After performing the stationarity test, ARMA (2,2) from linear stationary stochastic models and EGARCH (2,2) from general autoregressive conditional variable variance models were estimated to model exchange rate volatility. Then, Granger causality test was used to see if there is a relationship between exchange rate volatility and stock returns. The findings put forward the existence of bidirectional causality relationship between the variables. As the time span of the data period overlaps with the pandemic period, it appears that causality relationship obtained by the study is like the ones that held in the studies in the pre-pandemic period.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the growth of online businesses in Kosovo is a topic that is treated in this paper. Due to the fall in economic activity brought on by the economy's closure, the COVID-19 pandemic inevitably had a negative impact on the Kosovar economy, just like it has on other nations around the world. The requirement for enterprises to undergo a digital transformation has been considerably expedited by Covid-19, which has had a tremendous impact on businesses, society, and the economy in general. E-commerce is based on the idea of conducting business more effectively and quickly online. Giving clients access to the company's computer system allows them to modify the product and service to their specifications and ensure on-time delivery. These automated tailored services have a significant financial impact on enterprises by boosting earnings and lowering operating expenses. This paper seeks to shed light on the Covid-19 pandemic's effects on Kosovo's internet commerce growth. For this reason, a survey was conducted online, with 251 respondents selecting the appropriate sample using a non-random selection approach. The results show that Covid-19 appears to have had a favorable effect on the growth of online businesses in Kosovo. The Covid pandemic has positively impacted the growth of online enterprises in Kosovo, and the 24/7 accessibility of the online business has positively impacted the increase in sales volume, according to the results of the hypothesis testing. The paper primarily describes how the Covid-19 epidemic affected the growth of online enterprises in Kosovo.