In the Polish legal system, everyone has the right to a fair and public hearing of their case without undue delay by a competent, impartial and independent court. This right is ensured by the institution of excluding judges and other judicial authorities. Due to the functioning of probation officers within the common courts, the principle of impartiality also applies to probation officers conducting proceedings against their wards. Objective assessment of the conduct of persons subject to the activities of probation officers is one of the most important ethical principles of performing the profession of a probation officer, however, the possibility of excluding a probation officer is a kind of "safety valve" to ensure the impartial course of the proceedings.Although the purpose of the institution of exclusion of a probation officer is to ensure the impartiality and objectivity of the probation officer when conducting the case, there are no uniform regulations regarding the issue of exclusion. The provisions relating to the exclusion of a probation officer in the current legal situation should be sought in three extensive legal acts: the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Administrative Procedure, each time taking into account the type of proceedings conducted by the probation officer. So far, there has been no study on the issue of excluding a probation officer from acting in a case. Available publications refer to the exclusion of a judge, court, prosecutor or reporter. The author focuses on presenting the most important issues important for resolving applications for the exclusion of a probation officer.

Research on the personal resources of women partners of incarcerated men and their satisfaction with their intimate relationship is important, given the consequences of incarceration for families and individuals. The present study focuses on the analysis of psychological resilience (resilience) and sense of coherence in these women and their relationship to relationship satisfaction.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using questionnaires, including the Resilience Assessment Questionnaire (KOP – 26) and the Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC – 29). The research team collected data from August 2022 for one year using the Qualtrix platform. The research sample included 61 women partnered with male inmates.

In Poland, the penalty of imprisonment is served in prisons, and since 1 September 2009 also outside them in the electronic monitoring system. The basic purpose of serving the penalty of imprisonment in these two forms is identical, i.e. preventing a return to crime. In the literature on the subject, only some functions of this unconventional method of serving the penalty of imprisonment are currently emphasized. The author's intention is to present the most important goals and functions implemented by this untraditional form of prison isolation. Therefore, the author will try to answer the following questions: whether the introduction of the electronic monitoring system to the penitentiary system had an impact and to what extent on the reduction of the prison population, in particular short-term sentences of imprisonment, whether serving the penalty of imprisonment in the electronic monitoring system had an impact on preventing prison overcrowding, whether the prison population became denser during the COVID-19 pandemic? In addition, the author presents the problem of returning to crime after serving a sentence of imprisonment in the electronic monitoring system, which has only recently appeared in the literature. This institution has not solved many problems related to the execution of imprisonment in prison, has not influenced the radical reduction of the prison population or the increase in the postulated area of the residential cell, but it has a huge potential for resocialization, which is why directing convicts to this system of execution of imprisonment is purposeful and rational, and increasing its capacity is still a current postulate.

The system of Polish law on juvenile proceedings has undergone significant changes over the years. The result of these changes is the currently in force Act of 9 June 2022 on the support and re-socialisation of minors, which replaced, after 40 years, the Act of 26 October 1982 on proceedings in juvenile matters. The aim of the article is to show the legal solutions adopted in Polish legislation, both historically and in contemporary terms. An important aspect of the study is also the evaluation of the new solutions applied to minors and the formulation of de lege ferenda conclusions.

Religious freedom is of fundamental significance among human rights, because it reaches beyond the temporal. It derives from human dignity. The European Court of Human Rights infers from Article 9 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (religious freedom) an obligation for states to provide legalprotection to religious communities and their members as well as objects of religious worship. Criminal law instruments for the protection of religious freedom are accordingly permissible. The paper presents 12 European national legislations that contain relevant criminal law regulations. They provide for punishment for violating the order of religious services and rites, objects of religious worship, as well as religious dogma and doctrine. These approaches are compared to Polish provisions in this respect. A comparative legal analysis has revealed that Poland has significantly weaker protection of religious acts, as well as objects and sites of religious devotion, compared to other countries’ legal systems. This lower standard of protection at the legislative level is confirmed in the adjudicatory practice of Polish courts. Crime criteria stipulated in Articles 194 and 195 of Poland’s Criminal Code, such as the “malicious” character of the perpetrator’s behaviour required for punishment for disrupting or “offending religious feelings”, as a condition for being held culpable for insulting an object of religious worship or site designated for the public performance of religious rites, ensure in effect the impunity of the perpetrators of these deeds. Their adjudicatory interpretation tends to grant those manifesting their hostility to religious faith and doctrine the right to disturb religious services and insult objects of religious devotion. As such the citizens’ bill “in defence of Christians”, which envisages the elimination of these criteria and the introduction of a protection of religious freedom, deserves recognition.

This paper presents theoretical considerations on geographic information systems supported by aspects of their practical use in various areas. Its scope ranges from environmental protection, transport, public administration and the commercial use of such systems to crisis infrastructure management based on the example of GIS implementation in tools developed in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. It also discusses the opportunities GIS opens up in the field of conducting criminal analyses in proceedings conducted by law enforcement agencies, including the use of GIS-based solutions for the purpose of building forensic versions, creating maps of security threats, and its usage in geoprofiling as currently the youngest branch of criminal profiling. The report is therefore of an interdisciplinary nature.To achieve the goal within the framework of the adopted methodology, detailed analyses of both Polish and English-language literature were undertaken, with a particular focus on analyses of international programs and tools supported by geographic information systems. However, it must be pointed out that the paper does not contain explanations of the detailed technology used by software developers, considering this matter immaterial to the adopted assumptions, and turns its attention to GIS usage in the field of crisis management and public safety, including in international contexts.

The subject of this study is a critical analysis of the current solutions in the field of civil procedural law, concerning the mechanism of ensuring the effectiveness and enforceability of foreign judgments on the territory of the Republic of Poland. As part of the 2008 amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure, the legislator removed from art. 1148, providing for the obligatory participation of the prosecutor in the delibation proceedings. Contrary to the previously and currently applicable regulations of the civil procedural law, it is proposed to leave the exclusion of the obligatory participation of the prosecutor in the delibation proceedings. At the same time, the possible introduction of the adjudicating court's obligation to inform the indicated public interest ombudsman about the initiation of delibation proceedings is under consideration, leaving the prosecutor an independent decision on whether to join the initiated proceedings (Article 59 in connection with Article 13 § 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure). Such a solution, providing for the obligation of the court to deliver to the prosecutor a copy of each motion initiating delibation proceedings, would be a compromise, because on the one hand it should not result in an excessive increase in the obligations of the prosecutor's office, but on the other hand, in doubtful situations it would allow for the real participation of the prosecutor in the proceedings.

The authors undertake the issues of security in prison units. Basing on the results of research, analysis of statistical data, literature on the subject and their own experience in work for state security, they analyse selected aspects of decision-making aimed at preventing undesirable events in penitentiary units. Prevention plays an essential role in effective action against different incidents. Professional implementation of duties in this area prevents crisis situations. The circumstances in which these decisions are made, research suggests, may influence staff to follow their intuition.

Abuse of parents by their minor children is a more and more distinctive family and social problem. Parents and guardians are reluctant to report violence inflicted upon them by their own children. There is a number of reasons: shame of being criticised and assessed; a feeling of helplessness; no clear, specific definition of child-to-parent violence. This article describes the phenomenon based on the available literature. It provides a set of definitions connected with child-to-parent violence, and a description of forms of the abuse concerned. Also, the article contains an overview of selected research on the phenomenon. And conclusions drawn from the research concerned rendered it possible to determine child-to-parent violence risk factors, and to take an attempt to determine prevention actions.

The main purpose of the article is to show the existence of a certain legal loophole in terms of criminal law qualifications for the broadly understood taking of virtual objects. The author bases this publication on two specific factual states. The analysis of all potentially applicable criminal law grounds leads to the conclusion that there is no adequate legal qualification for these situations. Thus, the conclusions unequivocally confirm the main thesis of the publication, described at the beginning. At the very end, the de lege ferenda postulates are formulated, the message of which is to shape the regulations in such a way that the legal loophole disappears.