Background: The term "placental abruption" refers to a condition in which the fetus remains within the uterus beyond the 20th week of pregnancy, and the placenta separates from the uterine wall, either completely or partially. Placenta abruption is associated with worse fetal outcomes. Objectives: To determine the feto-maternal consequences in pregnant females presenting with placental abruption in terms of fetal death, preterm delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and uterine atony. Methods: One hundred females with placental abruption were included from emergency of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Females were screened for maternal anemia, and HELLP syndrome was noted. Females were also observed for intrauterine death, mode of delivery, preterm delivery, stillbirth, postpartum hemorrhage and uterine atony were noted. Total hospital stay was also noted. All this data was recorded on proforma and analyzed in SPSS v23. Results: The average age of the female participants in this research was 31.51 ± 7.70 years. The symptoms of abruption lasted 5.16 ± 1.48 days on average. Anemia accounted for 36 (36%), followed by pregnancy-induced hypertension (33%) and abnormal amniotic fluid index (28%) and trauma (3%). Anemia was the leading cause of abruption. Upon doing a clinical examination, it was found that 15 (15%) of the female patients had HELLP syndrome, 4 (4%) had intrauterine death, 56 (56%), had preterm delivery, 8 (8%) had stillbirths, 40 (40%) had postpartum hemorrhage, and 17 (17%) had unborn children. Conclusion: The chances of feto-maternal consequences of placental abruption are high, especially preterm delivery and post-partum hemorrhage.

Background: As traffic accidents continue to be a major global cause of injury and accidental death, road safety is a basic public health problem. In order to protect both drivers and pedestrians, strict respect to traffic laws, careful driving, and awareness of road conditions are essential. To lower accidents and make roads safer for everyone, it is crucial to promote road safety through enforcement and education. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and behavior regarding road safety among university students. Method: In partnership with the University of Lahore (UOL), the University College of Medicine and Dentistry (UCMD) carried out this cross-sectional analytical study during a 9-month period, from March 2023 to November 2023, which included two months of data gathering. 369 students, ages 17 to 24, who drive their own cars and are enrolled in medical and non-medical programs, including UCMD students and undergraduates from UOL's information technology, engineering, and law departments, were included in the study. The exclusion criteria include students who do not drive their own vehicles, are new drivers or who has recently any vehicle accident. The non-probability convenience sampling was used. Results: The study depicts significant gap between awareness and safe driving behavior, with only 53.4% of university students wearing helmets and 67.5% wearing seatbelts, even though over 85% of them were aware of traffic rules, signs, and violations. Additionally, students who consistently practiced safe driving practices had significantly lower injury rates (p<0.05) than those who never followed traffic signals or skipped automobile maintenance. Conclusion: This study revealed significant association between road safety practices and injury occurrence. Those who consistently followed traffic signals had notably fewer injuries highlighting the importance of compliance in reducing injury risk. Regular vehicle maintenance also showed a significant protective effect.

Background: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a vision-threatening condition that requires timely surgical intervention to prevent permanent visual loss. Despite substantial advances in modern vitreoretinal surgery, the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) continues to complicate management, often limiting anatomical success and functional recovery. Often, these cases need a drainage retinotomy to ease the tension and help reattach the retina. Conventional laser photocoagulation remains the standard method for sealing retinal breaks, but can induce thermal damage and postoperative scarring, limiting functional recovery. The use of human amniotic membrane graft (AMG) has recently attracted attention due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and regenerative properties that promote retinal healing and reduce fibrosis. International evidence supports the potential benefits of AMG in complex retinal detachment repair; However, local data is limited. This study was designed to compare the anatomic and visual outcomes of drainage retinotomy treated with laser alone versus laser combined with AMG in patients with RRD complicated by PVR. Objective: To report the anatomical and visual outcomes in RRD patients worsened by PVR, undergoing Retinotomy with LASER only vs patients undergoing Retinotomy with Amniotic Membrane Grafts and LASER. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the department of Ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital over a period of twelve months from 1st feburary2023 to 1st February 2024. A total of 20 patients, 14 males (70%) and 6 females (30%) were included in this study. The patients were diagnosed case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by PVR. We divided the patients into two groups; A and B. Group A underwent retinectomy with LASER only and Group B underwent Retinectomy with Amniotic Membrane Grafts and LASER. The patients were followed up for 3 months after surgery. Results: Surgical outcome was measured in terms of achieving complete anatomical closure and improvement of visual acuity. In our study 100% of the patients achieved complete anatomical closure whereas visual acuity improvement was seen more in the patients treated with AMG than those treated with laser alone. Conclusion: Visual and anatomical outcomes were better in patients that underwent AMG with LASER for the treatment of retinotomy as compared to those who underwent LASER only.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent disorder, often leading to hiatal hernia (HH), which further complicates clinical outcomes. The association between demographic factors such as body mass index (BMI) and the presence of HH in GERD patients, especially within the Pakistani population, where dietary habits may contribute, remains underexplored. Objectives: To determine the frequency of HH in GERD patients and to assess its association with BMI, age, and weight. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology, MTI Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from July 2022 to January 2023. A total of 141 GERD patients aged 16–75 years who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were included. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Data regarding age, gender, BMI, symptom duration, and HH presence/type were collected using a structured questionnaire. Associations were analysed using chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 as significant. Results: HH was identified in 67.4% of GERD patients. Sliding HH was most common (34.0%), followed by rolling HH (31.9%). Elevated BMI (?25) showed a significant association with HH (p = 0.007), while no significant association was found between HH and GERD-related complications (p = 0.072). Conclusion: There is a high frequency of HH among GERD patients, particularly those with elevated BMI. Early identification and targeted management in at-risk individuals may improve outcomes. Further research should explore the impact of local dietary habits and preventive strategies.

Background: Medical students have been reported to experience stress due to various factors, of which the system of education plays a major role. Objective: To compare the stress levels in medical students studying in conventional/Conventional (Annual) and integrated modular system of medical education in medical colleges affiliated with a government sector university in Lahore. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students of five medical colleges in Lahore. Two classes, MBBS second and fourth years. The duration of study was from November 2024 to March 2025. Data was collected using the 2020 version of student stress inventory (SSI), and was analyzed using R-language version 4.5.2. Results: Among the students from Conventional system, 33% (n=31) students experienced low; 54% (n=51) students experienced moderate; whereas 14% (n=13) students experienced severe academic stress. Among students from the modular system, 52% (n=49) students experienced low; 47% (n=45) students experienced moderate; and 1% (n=1) students experienced severe academic stress (p value <0.001). Whereas, among the Conventional system students; 46% (n=44) students experienced low; 42% (n=40) students experienced moderate; and 12% (n=11) students experienced severe overall stress. And among the modular system students; 63% (n=60) students experienced low; 37% (n=35) students experienced moderate; whereas 0% (n=0) students experienced severe overall stress (p value = 0.001). Conclusion: Stress levels are higher in medical students studying in Conventional system, as compared to those studying in modular system, in medical colleges, affiliated with the UHS.

Fan blades of high-bypass-ratio engines, characterized by large size and complex swept-twist geometries, are susceptible to flutter, which poses a severe threat to the safe operation of aircraft engines. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation into aeroelastic stability of fan blades is required to ensure their operational reliability. In this study, the aerodampings of the first vibration mode of the fan blade of a high-bypass-ratio engine at three representative rotational speeds are analyzed using the harmonic balance method and the traveling wave method. The flow fields at the three rotational speeds represent subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flows, respectively. At each speed, the aeroelastic stability of the fan blade is examined from a near-choke condition to a near-stall condition. The results indicate that the aeroelastic stability of the fan blade exhibits distinct trends at different rotational speeds. Specifically, at subsonic and transonic speeds, the aeroelastic stability of the fan blade gradually decreases from the near-choke condition to the near-stall condition, primarily due to an increase in aerodynamic work on the pressure side of the blade. Under the near-stall operating condition at the subsonic speed, the blade exhibits aeroelastic instability in a forward-traveling wave pattern with one nodal diameter. However, at the supersonic speed, the aeroelastic stability initially increases and then decreases with changes in operating conditions. This behavior is attributed to an increase in aerodynamic work in the shock wave region on the suction side of the blade, leading to an aeroelastic instability in a forward-traveling wave with two nodal diameters under the near-stall condition.

Future aircraft engines feature numerous safety constraints and a large number of control variables, making traditional PID with gain scheduling costly to design and verify while also challenging to ensure optimal performance. Model Predictive Control (MPC) can explicitly handle multivariable system constraints; however, its high computational burden poses challenges for ensuring real-time feasibility in fast dynamic systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Asynchronous MPC, which increases the prediction sampling time while reduces the prediction horizon, thereby reducing the number of prediction steps and subsequently lowering the optimization problem's dimensionality. This approach simultaneously enhances real-time computation and ensures fast system response. However, the relationship between sampling times, controller performance, and computational efficiency is complex. This paper presents the architecture of an Asynchronous MPC, analyzes its computational load within a single sampling period, and utilizes multi-objective optimization to determine the relationship between computational load and control performance. Results demonstrate that compared to traditional predictive controllers, the proposed method can reduce the prediction horizon by up to four times while maintaining equivalent performance, significantly reducing the computational load of real-time optimization.

In multi-stage compressors, the Variable Stator Vane (VSV) schedule significantly influences performance and stability. This study examines the part-span rotating stall in a multi-stage axial compressor which can lead to Non-Synchronised Vibration (NSV). Unsteady aerodynamic simulations were performed using URANS CFD for an axial compressor that experienced high vibration levels during the operation. For the original VSV schedule, steady-state simulations revealed the formation of short-length-scale disturbances near the tip of the first stage rotor. Full-annulus unsteady simulations demonstrated that these disturbances coalesce into rotating stall cells propagating around the annulus. The frequency of the unsteadiness caused by rotating structures was close to blade’s first mode natural frequency which could potentially cause NSV. Based on the findings, a new VSV schedule was developed, effectively eliminating the flow separation near the tip of the first-stage rotor and consequently rid the compressor of part-span rotating stall and NSV.

Discrete-hole film cooling is a core technology for gas turbine endwall cooling. Hole arrangement optimization is one of the important directions to improve the endwall cooling performance. The main challenge in endwall film cooling design is the priori definition of hole arrangements. Existing methods, such as row-based, partitioned, and isoline arrangements, are limited by their simplistic geometric constraints, which do not match the local physical conditions of the endwall, leaving considerable room for improvement in cooling performance. The study presents a priori definition mode of hole arrangements that applicable to endwall film cooling design tasks, and develop a low-cost and high-performance optimization method for endwall film cooling hole arrangements. Finally, the proposed optimization method based on geometric prior knowledge was applied to optimize endwall film cooling hole arrangements for the GE E3 turbine firststage stator. Compared to isotherm-based arrangements, the geometric prior knowledge optimized arrangements improved cooling in the inlet wedge region and the pressure side corner region. The results demonstrated the low cost and high performance of the proposed geometric prior knowledge.

The Low-Speed Anechoic Wind Tunnel at Sun Yat-Sen University is a premier facility designed for experimental research on aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of aircraft scaled models or components. As a 3/4 closed-circuit wind tunnel with a contraction section nozzle dimension of 0.8 m × 0.6 m, it can be configured either as a closed test section or an open-jet section. The freestream velocity in the closed test section can be adjusted from 5 m/s to 80 m/s, while the openjet section ranges from 10 m/s to 70 m/s. The test section is enclosed within an anechoic chamber with dimensions of 5.5 m × 6 m × 3.5 m to ensure non-reflecting conditions. After the wind tunnel’s construction, comprehensive tests were conducted to evaluate its acoustical and aerodynamic performance. This paper presents the design criteria and characterization of the wind tunnel’s key components, along with the methods and results of benchmarking the flow quality and acoustic performance. This wind tunnel features exceptional flow quality with low turbulence intensity of 0.08% , 1% in the closed test section and open-jet section, respectively. The minimal level of background noise can attain a decibel level of 6.9 dBA under no-flow conditions, and at maximum flow velocity (70 m/s ) in the open-jet test section, the background noise reached 74.9 dB(A).The findings demonstrate that the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance indicators of the wind tunnel are comparable to similar facilities worldwide, positioning it as the leading aeroacoustic research facility in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area at present.