River bank erosion negatively affects on people and their livelihood with their economic, social and psychological distress increasing over the time. Most of the people are vulnerable and their economic condition are fragile for internally displaced in Dakshin Bedkashi, Choramukha and Ghorilal villages of Koyra riverine area of Khulna district. Mixed research methods including quantitative and qualitative approach was applied by survey method, Key Informant Interview (KII), and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to collect information.Most of the people do not exists sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) due to the acute poverty for river erosion. About 82.49% respondents' house were fully damaged and 26.27% respondents live besides the roads and embankments due to erosion. About 85.02% respondents were internally displaced/migrated or becoming homeless due to Kapothaksma and Shakbaria river erosion. About 76.27% respondents' occupational status were affected severely, 48.39% changed their livelihood and engaged with catching fish, 28.34% households suffer tremendous food crisis, 36.18% respondents' income is decreasing, 32.02% loss their land, and 91.94% respondents suffer psychological stress like anxiety, depression, dizziness, insomnia, unsteady gait, post traumatic stress disorder, somatoform etc. due to river erosion. About 94.24% and 34.10% respondents cope up, adjusted or adapted by reducing meals and extra workload. 75.58% respondents borrowed money from GO, NGOs, Mahajon, Co-operatives, and Relatives with high interest. 81.11% and 33.64% respondents adjusted or adapted by decreasing rate of school going children and adjusted through drop out their child from formal education due to river erosion. In this paper, it is observed as risk that river bank erosion is causal factors of migration, vulnerability and hindrances of rural socio-economic, cultural, psychological and environmental development. The people who affected by river bank erosion immediately migrate for safe shelter and later permanently for survival.

Bangladesh is vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards including frequent tropical cyclones and, less commonly, earthquakes and tsunamis. The 1762 event is often cited as evidence for these latter hazard types. Remarkably, few historical data are available to help contribute to disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh. This paper addresses this gap by collating and analyzing selected histories and geographies of earthquakes, tsunamis and tropical cyclones affecting Bangladesh. It reviews and synthesizes the findings of three new catalogues consisting of 562 earthquakes (between 810BC and 2012), 135 tsunamis (between 40000BP and 2009) and 304 tropical cyclones (between 1000 and 2009) occurred in the Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh had only been affected by a few major earthquakes and tsunamis in the distant past, the case history analysis of the 1762 earthquake and associated tsunami suggests that any future event may result in significant damage to homes, and loss of numerous lives and could cause significant liquefaction, compaction, landslides, and co-seismic subsidence. Data analysis suggests that deaths associated with tropical cyclones are declining, but economic damage and other effects are rising. Finally, this research concludes that analyses of long-term data help identify new hazard exposure and develop knowledge that can be useful to formulate new disaster risk reduction policies and rectify existing ones in Bangladesh.

With a total of 251,770 casualties and US$280 billion in damages, the loss inflicted by tsunamis between 1998 and 2017 was one hundred times higher than that experienced during the previous decade (1978–1997). The processes of disasters following tsunamis have also become more complex with global impacts. The broad economic and political consequences of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami encouraged the global community to consider the problem of “cascading disasters”. We can categorized the cause and damage due to the 2011 tsunami with incentive and predisposing factors, impact as compound disaster. We also proposed and developed various tsunami fragility functions as essential tools to assess and mitigate damage such as casualties, house/building, marine vessels, pedestrian bridges, road bridges and aquaculture rafts. The process of cascading disasters still remains as major issue and should be studied together with the factors of interdependencies, vulnerabilities, amplification, secondary disasters and critical infrastructure and spin-off effects. Another important issue concerns non-seismic tsunamis, such as those that impacted Palu and Sunda Straight in Indonesia in 2018. These events demonstrated the difficulties and remaining problems regarding tsunami warning and evacuation and the difficulties of real time monitoring and detection. Since tsunamis are low-frequency, high-impact natural hazards, interdisciplinary research on risk perception, awareness, memory and lessons becomes critically important. The process of sharing tsunami experiences underwent a transformation in the form of digital archives and new media in response to the needs and opportunities for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the 21st century. Last but not least, this paper highlights the roles of museum and memorial halls in order to share the experiences of natural hazard-related disasters necessary to inform disaster mitigation.