Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.Insulin resistance is affected by bodyweight and lipid profile The purpose of this study was to compare the body mass index (BMI) and biochemical markers of diabetic patients to those of healthy controls in Pakhtun population of Peshawar Pakistan.A case control study having T2DM patients and healthy controls were included.The majority of diabetic patients (mean age= 52.46 years) were overweight, (BMI=26.84 5.37) than control (mean age= 43.16 years), (BMI=23.90 4.26).Diabetics with mean HbA1c 8.70% (2.14) and RBS 202.85 mg/dL (79.02) had poor glycemic control as compared to the control subjects.In patients the triglycerides were 245.60 mg/dL (194.01),total cholesterol was 179.61 mg/dL (48.46),low density lipoproteins (LDL) was 100.30mg/dL (35.35), and high density lipo protein (HDL) was 40.28 mg/dL (14.74).While the controls showed the normal values of the total cholesterol of 179.98 mg/dL (40.34),LDL of 96.37 mg/dL (24.78),HDL of 47.84 mg/dL (9.91), and triglycerides of 144.64 mg/dL (70.61).BMI in diabetics had a modest, non-significant relationship with triglycerides (r = 0.19, p = 0.062) and a negligible relationship with LDL (r = 0.01, p = 0.928).However, dyslipidemia in diabetics may worsen with poor glycemic levels.This factor can be used as one of the important predictor of the type 2 diabetes for the future studies on large scale population.

The spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection urges the need for the development of sustainable, biocompatible, and multifunctional antibacterial biomaterials.Keratin is a fibrous structural protein widely present in human hair and poultry feathers that provides a renewable biomaterial platform.The present study focuses on the keratin that was extracted from human hair and applied as both a coating/capping agent for gold and silver nanoparticles.The extracted keratin was quantified, and it was observed that keratin elution was directly proportional to incubation time.32.6% of keratin was eluted at 45 mins.TLC was performed, and the major amino acids identified were methionine, serine, and cysteine.Gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized using traditional methods, and the keratin coating showed an increase in nanoparticle size, as confirmed by a change in color.Moreover, SEM images of keratin hydrogels showed a highly porous network with nanoparticles embedded in it.The hydrogel was found to have a porosity of 46.15%.EDX analysis for all samples emphasized sulfur as the dominant component, confirming the structural presence of keratin.The hydrogels loaded with silver nanoparticles showed greater antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition of approximately 21 mm.This study signifies that keratin-based nanocomposite hydrogels are promising, sustainable materials and are exploited as a wound dressing material.In the future, this technology may be used in wound healing and biomedical coatings.The result of this study will help in the development of sustainable nanomaterials for advanced healthcare applications.

The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the pathological intestinal injuries and lesions in Domestic pigeons Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789, which were naturally infected by a number of nematode parasites Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790).The data sample was collected from four different localities Kandhkot, Ghouspur, Kashmore, and Buxapur of Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan during August 2023 to May 2025.A total of 08 specimens were recovered.The prevalence was recorded 75%.The parasite belongs to (Nemathelminthes: Nematoda: Ascaridida) family Ascaridiidae.The species was highly pathogenic and were found in different regions of intestines of the hosts.Histopathological slides of intestine were prepared and observed of total 12 Domestic pigeons.Major histopathological findings included necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, distortions and dilation of intestinal glands, destruction of the crypt cells, mineralization, pigment deposition, destruction of the superficial intestinal lining, infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils, destruction and disorganization of muscular layer, atrophy of villi, increase cellular replica of Brunner's and crypt glands and their secretions stopped, the blood vessels were damaged.Occurrence of necrosis in the infected parts of intestine of infected Domestic pigeons like mucosa, villi and intestinal glands and show polymorpho nuclear and mononuclear cells in necrotized zone.The research aim was to identify a greater number of the intestinal species of parasites in hosts with the comparison of their pathology for poultry breeders for maintaining the economy.Nematode parasites Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) with their histopathological changes were identified and investigated first time from study area Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan.The kind of study also help in diagnosing the other various types of diaereses in Domestic pigeons.

Chlorophyll is a principal indicant of reflecting the physiological status of plants under various environmental stresses.Drought is one of the major threats that affects the physiology of plants by degrading their photosynthetic machinery.In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) the transcription factor GATA regulates many genes which are involved in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis.Therefore, for cotton transgenic lines overexpressing GATA transcription factors, a standardized procedure of accurate chlorophyll quantification was required.The current protocols in the literature are not optimized for cotton and give variable results with slight changes in the conditions.The Present study investigates the effects of temperature, light/dark, mass of tissue and the volume of acetone as solvent used on the quantity of chlorophylls extracted from the cotton leaves.Chlorophyll extractions were carried out at varying temperatures (4, 30 or 37 ) under light or dark conditions.Moreover, leaf masses (100 or 200 mg) were used in combinations of varying volumes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 ml) of aqueous 80% acetone for extraction.The quantification was performed through spectrophotometry.The results indicated that all factors considerably affected the extraction and stability of the extractions.Optimum extraction was achieved using 200 mg of leaf tissue and 2.5 ml of 80% acetone at 4 under dark conditions.Moreover, higher temperatures and exposure to light caused extraction reduction.These findings provide an optimized procedure for the chlorophyll quantification in GATA overexpressed cotton lines and thus potentially contributing to the development of cotton varieties with improved characteristics.Present work provides basis for future research on stress tolerance by improving the analytical procedure thus contributing to the development of stress-resilient cotton varieties.

Durum wheat (Triticum Durum L.) is the second most important in genus Triticum after bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).This research was conducted to assess fifteen durum wheat genotypes utilizing a randomized complete block design replicated thrice at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan during the 2024-25 growing season.This study aimed at investigating genetic variability, estimate heritability and expected genetic advance as well as to ascertain correlation among grain yield and its component traits.Analysis of variance uncovered highly significant (P 0.01) variations among studied durum wheat genotypes.Genotype DGW-6 remained among the prominent genotypes for grains spike -1 (57) and thousand grain weight (55.3 g).Similarly, genotype DWG-4 exhibited the highest grain yield (5300 kg ha -1 ), followed by genotype DWG-3 (5200 kg ha -1 ).Heritability estimates for yield and yield related traits ranged from 0.47 to 0.73 coupled with genetic advance ranged from 2.50 to 559.27.Heritability estimates were high for days to heading and spikelets spike -1 while moderate for rest of the studied traits.Grain yield exhibited positive significant genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation with grains spike -1 (rg = 0.54*; rp = 0.46**).Moreover, grain yield had negative significant phenotypic correlation with thousand grain weight.Based on superior performance in yield and related traits, genotypes DWG-3, DWG-4, DWG-6, DWG-7, DWG-9, and DWG-12 are identified as potential choices for multilocation and multi-year tests.Therefore, intense research on the yield and quality aspects of durum wheat needs to be conducted to match shifting patterns of Pakistani consumers toward processed products like pasta and macaroni.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella, a facultative, intracellular bacterium.The important Brucella species include Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, and Brucella suis, and their preferential hosts are sheep/goats, cattle/bison, dogs, and pigs, respectively.It mostly affects the reticuloendothelial system and is characterized by variations in the body temperature of suffering victims.The disease primarily affects cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and dogs.It has serious implications for human health and has immense economic importance in developing countries like Pakistan.The present study was conducted during January 2018-August 2018 to determine the sero-prevalence of Brucella infection in cattle and among occupationally exposed farmers in randomly selected areas of District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan.Blood samples from cattle (n=400) and from farmers (n=200) were collected randomly.They were screened for brucellosis by RBPT, SPAT, and i-ELISA.The seropositivity among cattle was found to be 4.8% and 4.2% through RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively.It was found to be higher in females compared to males among cattle population.The sero-prevalence among farmers was found to be 02% through SPAT (B.abortus) and 1.5% through SPAT (B.melitensis), whereas 1.0% on i-ELISA.Contact or inhalation of Brucella organisms from infected animals, principally cattle, was found to be a significant risk factor.Education in occupational hygiene and public health programs is necessary to address this emerging problem.

In this study a total 24 healthy normal quails of each sex were purchased from market and reared till required age.The birds were divided into three groups according to age, the live body weight, length, and diameter of esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small and large intestine in different age groups in male and female were (p>0.05) was observed among the groups.The thickness of gizzard increased significantly (p>0.05) with age, but not in male and female age groups.The Muscularosa, Proventriculus Mucosal Fold thickness, glands of Proventricular diameter, Mucosal Fold Surface Epithelium height and Proventriculus Glandular Epithelium height were significantly increased with age and no significant difference found in in both sexes.The histological parameters in gizzard were increased with age, but no significant difference were found in sex wise studies.Small intestine shows significant difference in histologically crypt diameter, Villi height, width of villi, and thickness of the epithelium in all three parts increased with age.The age wise crypt diameter of large intestine (colon) was found to be significantly higher with age Villi Height, Villi Width and Epithelium thickness(m) was founded higher with the respect of the age.The age wise (SD) of crypts diameter of left and right caeca, villi height, villi width and epithelium thickness (m) increased with age in high and no difference were found in male and female.It was concluded from this study that age wise difference was shown in qual birds and no sex wise difference were found.

Fluctuation in enzymes activity is an indicator of immune response to certain stress insect is observing.Oryzaephilus surinamensis, commonly known as sawtoothed grain beetle (STGB), is a devastating insect pest of stored products.Chemical-based management strategies for STGB are commonly used but have certain detrimental implication: residual effects on commodities, posing significant health risks, development of insect resistance.In this study, three different biocontrol treatments were evaluated for their virulence against STGB: plant extract (Brassica juncea), entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana), and the entomopathogenic bacterium (Xenorhabdus nematophila).In the later part of current research shift in midgut enzymatic activity under these treatments has also been assessed.Results accentuated that corrected mortality percentage of STGB adults was significantly influenced by the bacterium, plant extract, and fungus.Entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana induced the highest mortality (66.7%), followed by X. nematophila (63.3%), while the lowest mortality in STGB was observed corresponding to B. juncea.The aforementioned treatments also inhibited a-amylase, lipase and protease activity in a time dependent fashion with peak -amylase, protease activity on the third day after treatment, with significant declines in enzyme concentration by the fifth and seventh days.While, lipase activity remained almost constant on days 3 and 5, but a significant decline was detected on day 7 after treatment.The finding demonstrates that biocontrol tactics possess significant potential for managing stored insect pests, offering a economical and environmentally responsible substitute for chemical insecticides.

Starch is a naturally occurring water insoluble carbohydrate derived from cereals, tuber crops, roots, and contributes up to 70% of the dry weight of these commodities.It contains two polysaccharides: amylopectin and amylose.Amylopectin comprises 70 -85% of the composition while amylose makes up about 15 -30% of the whole composition depending on plant source.Amylopectin is composed of (1-4) glycosidic bonds with side chains at the (1-6) hydrogen linkages while amylose is long chain polysaccharide.another form of starch, called resistant starch (RS) escapes digestion in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine, producing short-chain fatty acids.RS is used in controlling type 2 diabetes, in the maintenance of gut health and it plays a role in weight control.The five types of RS in natural and processed foods have the following applications enhancing the general health of the public.More studies are required to investigate individual variability and the long-term impacts related to the intake of RS.