Bakgrunn: Forekomst av kreft er økende i befolkningen og det forventes at 1 av 5 utvikler sykdommen, og av disse vil over 50% ha behov for strålebehandling. Effekten av strålebehandling avhenger av presis levering av stråledose til tumor, og samtidig minimal stråledose til normalvev og risikoorganer. Dette krever nøyaktig pasientposisjonering, samt en behandlingsplan som er individuell tilpasset, med strenge krav og retningslinjer til dosering og marginer. Teknologisk utvikling har ført til avanserte teknikker som bildeveiledet stråleterapi, for tiden benyttes Cone-Beam Computer Tomografi. MR i kombinasjon med Linac (MRL) brukes for tiden til MR-veiledet Stråleterapi (MRgRT). MR-veiledet Stråleterapi (MRgRT) har flere fordeler, blant annet forbedret bløtvevskontrast og visualisering, samt sanntidsjustering av stråledosen som kan redusere marginene ved behandling. Denne teknologien byr også på utfordringer som for eksempel manglende elektrontetthets-informasjon og tekniske komplikasjoner med magnetfeltet. Denne artikkelen oppsummerer fordeler og utfordringer ved bruk av MRgRT, beskrevet i andre review-artikler. Metode: Vi gjennomførte et systematisk litteratursøk i Oria og PubMed. Inklusjonskriteriene var at artiklene skulle være oversiktsartikler publisert på Norsk eller Engelsk, omhandle bruk av MR i verifisering eller historisk utvikling av verifiseringsteknologier. Eksklusjonskriterier luket ut alle artikler som hovedsakelig omhandlet brachyterapi, stereotaktisk stråleterapi, protonterapi og artikler med en spesifikk krefttype som tema. Ti artikler ble inkludert, 8 fra PubMed og 2 fra Oria. Analysen av artiklene ble gjennomført ved hjelp av Evans analysemodell. Resultat: Alle artiklene beskrev fordeler og utfordringer med MRgRT, og totalt ble 6 fordeler og 13 utfordringer identifisert. Fordeler som gikk igjen var forbedret bløtvevskontrast, sanntid MR avbildning, funksjonell MR avbildning og forbedret avgrensningsmarginer. Utfordringene omhandlet fortrinnsvis MR-Linac sin påvirkning av ressursbruk som for eksempel at det er tidskrevende og dyrt, samt at det kreves kompetanse og kunnskapsheving av personalet, i tillegg behøves MR kompatibelt utstyr, og utfordringer knyttet til det tekniske ved kombinasjon av MR og Linac. Konklusjon: I fremtiden forventes MRgRT å forbedre presisjonen og individualisere kreftbehandling betydelig, dette er takket være MR`s overlegne bløtvevskontrast, samt teknologi som muliggjør blant annet sanntidsavbildning. Til tross for fordelene, kreves det mer forskning på en rekke utfordringer, blant annet behovet for automatiserte løsninger og tverrfaglig samarbeid. Det er en økende interesse og forskning på temaet, fremtidig fokus bør være på integrering i standard arbeidsflyt.

Introduction: Medical imaging requisition form is a vital document in the radiology department. Adequate filling ensures justification and effective communication which impacts patient care. This study aims to audit computed tomography (CT) requisition forms to determine their adequate filling and legibility in the Himalayan country, Nepal. Methods: A total of 239 CT requisition forms were collected from the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal through random sampling from June to August 2020. The availability of information such as demographic characteristics, clinical history, clinical diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and proper name of CT procedures was audited. The legibility of the provided information was categorized with the help of a senior radiographer having 10 years of experience. Results: Clinical history was present in 28 percent and clinical diagnosis in 64 percent of forms. Furthermore, 44 percent of contrast-enhanced procedures requiring IV contrast agents did not have a report of renal function test. Surprisingly, details on the last menstrual period for women of the reproductive age group were missing in all requisition forms. Conclusion: Available information is not sufficient for justification of patient dose. Clinicians need to fill up the requisition form properly for quality patient care in the radiology department.

Introduction: Accessory spleen, also called supernumerary spleen, is a generally benign and asymptomatic condition, characterized by the location of splenic tissue outside the spleen. Its prevalence has been reported between 10% to 30% of the population. Materials and Methods: Patient evaluated for recurrent urinary tract infection in which a computed tomography urography without contrast was requested, incidentally finding an accessory spleen. Results: Clinical case report and diagnostic imaging challenge. Conclusions: The accessory spleen is a condition of congenital origin, relatively frequent for which it should be considered in the spectrum of the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen and intra-abdominal masses since its timely diagnosis can avoid unnecessary surgeries.

Bachelorutdanning i radiografi er en høyteknologisk helsefaglig utdannelse der emnet nukleærmedisin har vært preget av tradisjonelle og passive undervisningsformer med demotiverte og lite aktive radiografstudenter. Som et verktøy til å fremme studentaktivitet, motivasjon og læring har vi utviklet en nettbasert studiemodul i nukleærmedisin. I denne studien søker vi svar på hvordan den nettbaserte studieformen innvirker på studentetens motivasjon, aktivitetsnivå og læringsutbytte. Vi benyttet en spørreundersøkelse til å innhente data fra radiografstudentenes vurderinger om hvordan ulike læringsressurser og aktiviteter innvirker på motivasjon, aktivitetsnivå og læringsutbytte. For å få utdypende svar ble det gjennomført fokusgruppeintervju med informanter som hadde svart på spørreundersøkelsen. Resultatene fra spørreundersøkelsen viser at studentene ofte benytter ulike læringsressurser som de selv finner. Eksamensrelevante tester, tilbakemeldinger, samt struktur og informasjon oppfattes av studentene som viktige faktorer for motivasjon, aktivitet og læringsutbytte. De nettbaserte studiemodulene beskrives som motiverende, aktiverende og ga bedre læringsutbytte. Til slutt har vi sammenlignet eksamensprestasjonen i nukleærmedisin til studentene med og uten bruk av nettbasert studiemodul. Nettstudier bør utformes i lys av det pedagogiske og fagdidaktiske innholdet, hvor man tar i betrakting både de kognitive og sosiokulturelle perspektivene på læring.

What should sonographers recommend to patients diagnosed with small gallbladder polyps? Is follow-up always the solution? And for how many years should we encourage patients to participate in a follow-up ultrasound program? This tutorial discusses current research and guidelines.

Introduction: In the profession as radiology nurse contrast media is used daily in radiologic examinations. In order to determine the volume of contrast media that patients should be administered and to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy equation formulas are applied to calculate the kidney function glomerular filtration rate. Two formulas were compared the CKD-EPI and MDRD. The aim was to compare which of the two most commonly used equation formulas is the most optimal for calculating estimated GFR. Methods: This study was conducted as a literature study, where 11 articles were quality assessed and compiled. Results: The CKD-EPI formula generally showed better performance for estimating GFR in accuracy, precision and bias than the MDRD formula. However, both equation formulas present inadequacies and are not universal as they are not applicable to all individuals. Conclusions: At the moment the CKD-EPI formula appears to be the most applicable, although more research is required in order to develop equation formulas which cater to all types of patients.

Introduction: Despite the large number of patients passing through and some invasive procedures, radiology may still be considered unlikely to transmit pathogens. However, radiation protection aprons touched by radiology professionals and shared between patients could be prone to contamination. Our goals were to (1) assess qualitatively and quantitatively the microorganisms present on the radiation protection aprons with a cross-sectional study, and (2) determine the effectiveness of routine cleaning with an experimental design.
 Methods: For objective 1, 108 samples were collected on radiation protection aprons of two radiology settings: the diagnostic radiology (DR) setting, with a cleaning procedure in place, and the emergency setting without. Total cultivable bacteria, staphylococci, enterobacteria and fungi were quantified. For purpose 2, the number of total bacteria and staphylococci were compared between before and after cleaning the aprons.
 Results: The median number of total bacteria were respectively 0.97 and 1.56 cfu/cm2 in the DR and emergency settings, whereas the median number of Staphylococcus were 0.04 and 0.15 cfu/cm2 in these settings (Objective 1). Thus the number of microorganisms were lower in the setting with the cleaning procedure, although significantly only for staphylococci (p = 0.025). Enterobacteria, fungi and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any sample. In the second part of the study, the median number of total bacteria dropped from 0.80 to 0.17 cfu/cm2 between before and after cleaning (p = 0.0017) and for Staphylococcus it decreased from 0.84 to 0.15 cfu/cm2 (p = 0.13).
 Conclusion: A number of microorganisms have been found, although the absence of enterobacteria, fungi and S. aureus is reassuring as they can cause serious healthcare-associated infections. Our study showed that the cleaning of radiation protection aprons can significantly reduce the microbial load and should be encouraged.

Over the course of the last century, the cerebral cortex has been of interest for neuroscientists, and the work with mapping and measuring the cortex started in the early 1900s (Brodmann 1909).The advances in medical imaging over the recent decades has given the opportunity to measure the cortex in vivo, and several algorithms and types of software applications has been developed for this purpose. These software applications can be used to execute complex analysis to determine both cortex thickness and density.The algorithms and software applications presented in this paper are the ones most utilized to measure cortical thickness today, and include four software applications and two algorithms. The basic principles of these tools will be outlined, as well as their strengths and weaknesses.

IntroductionThe purpose of this two--folded quantitative study was to determine the radiation doses received by staff during 2014 at the PET--department at St. Olavs Hospital in Trondheim, Norway. Although studies show that the doses received by staff performing such examinations are far beneath the limits set by regulation, there was a need to determine how much radiation the staff at this clinic actually was exposed to. We investigated in detail both dose rates emitted by 18 F from different parts of the body to the surroundings along with effective doses to staff during 2014.MethodPart one - Dose rates from 20 patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT--scans were measured with dosimeter RadEye B20 (Thermo Scientific, USA) from five measuring points at three different stages of a standard whole body PET-scan utilizing 18 F-FDG.Part two - Effective doses to five radiographers and four bioengineers were registered daily during 2014. The effective dose measurements were done daily by the staff with personal dosimeter RadEye EPD MK2+ (Thermo Scientific, USA). The dosimeter was worn at chest level. The automatic injector Medrad Intego (Bayer, Germany) administrate the radioactive doses.ResultsPart one - Dose rates emitted from different parts of patients show significant differences. The highest dose rate was measured from the head and sternum of the patients. The knees emit the least dose rate of all body parts and was considerably lower from one meterdistance.Part two - The average effective doses were far below the recommended limits for occupational radiation. The total average effective dose per member of staff was 0.13 mSv in 2014 and the daily average dose was 4.91 μSv/day.ConclusionPart one - 18 F-FDG showed irregular distribution in the body, the lowest dose rates originated from the lower extremities and reflects the metabolism of glucose in the body at rest.Part two - We found significant differences between staff working with both CT and the radioisotope injection compared to the staff working solely with one of these tasks. Nevertheless, all effective- doses were safely within the guideline limits for occupational radiation.

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