Harmful microorganisms like pathogens significantly impact human health. Meanwhile, industrial growth causes pollution and water contamination by releasing untreated hazardous waste. Effective treatment of these microorganisms and contaminants is essential, and nanocomposites may be a promising solution. The present attempt demonstrates the green synthesis of α-Fe2O3@TiO2 nanocomposites (FTNCs) for the effective treatment of pathogens and organic contaminants. The FTNCs have been synthesized through a green approach utilizing curcumin extract. Curcumin (Turmeric) extract (TEx) was prepared by washing, drying, and crushing 5 g of turmeric, then boiling it in 100 mL distilled water at 70°C for 1 hour. Metal salts (Fe3+/Ti4+, 2:1) were added to 100 mL of TEx under continuous stirring at 70°C for 24 h. The solution was rinsed and dried at 80°C overnight and heated at 300°C for 3 h to remove impurities. Synthesized FTNCs have been tested for the potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Abony, Pseudomonas sp.). Observations discovered noteworthy inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria by FTNCs. Furthermore, the FTNCs system shows the energy band gap of ~2.6 eV which may suppress electron recombination, thereby enhancing photocatalysis. The photo-degradation is examined against Evans blue (EB) and Congo red (CR) dyes under UV and visible light (125 W) irradiation. The remarkable photocatalytic degradation efficiency (DE) for CR reached ~67.4% in 60 min. A simple green approach has been demonstrated for the synthesis of the FTNCs using curcumin-mediated reduction. As prepared FTNCs have been evaluated for potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Abony, Pseudomonas sp.). The results show that the highest zone of inhibition diameter values have been obtained for 5 mg/mL concertation of FTNCs of ~14, 22, 18, 21, and 20 and 29 mm for E. coli, S. abony, S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, and Pseudomonas sp., respectively. Additionally, FTNCs demonstrate remarkable photocatalytic degradation efficiency against EB and CR dyes under UV (125 W) irradiation, achieving 56, 67% degradation within 60 min, respectively. The findings indicate that FTNCs show long-term antimicrobial effectiveness and potential for water treatment through photocatalysis. This examination highlights recent advancements in intellectual property rights (IPR) and patent strategies, shedding light on how patents influence eco-friendly synthesis and the development of multifunctional, high-performance nanocomposites.

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are a biphasic systems formed by two immiscible liquids: (1) oil-in-water or (2) water-in-oil emulsions. These systems exhibit unique physicochemical properties due to their small particle size, making them more versatile compared to other emulsion systems. Thus, this research aimed to produce and evaluate oil-in-water nanoemulsions. NE's were prepared using Squalene, grape seed, and avocado oils, combined with soy lecithin or soy phosphatidylcholine as emulsifiers. The selection of oils considered both regulatory aspects and patent restrictions. Formulations were produced by microfluidization, and their physicochemical properties, such as particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, were assessed at day one (D0) and day 7 (D7), under storage at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The nanoemulsions produced with soy phosphatidylcholine and vegetable oils exhibited good preliminary stability, due to their small particle size. In contrast, formulations using soy lecithin as the emulsifier did not show favorable results, especially the one with grape seed oil, which showed a large particle diameter. However, none of these formulations exhibited cellular cytotoxicity. Emulsifier selection had a strong impact on NEs characteristics, with Soy- PC producing smaller and more uniform particles compared to soy lecithin. All NEs showed good biocompatibility in fibroblasts, indicating their safety. Among the formulations, the one with phosphatidylcholine demonstrated a safer and more reliable stability profile, making it a promising candidate for application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Fibrinolytic enzymes have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their immense potential in the medical field. As research continues to advance, the outcomes have become increasingly fruitful. The generation of applicable knowledge is usually accompanied by its protection through patent applications. This article compiles all patents related to "fibrinolytic enzyme" from Google Patents and the European Patent Office's Espacenet database, analyzing their core information, including publication year, application country, patent status, source of the fibrinolytic enzyme, and its various biochemical features. By combining relevant patent protection with current literature research, this article provides a novel and forward-looking summary of the current research status in the field of fibrinolytic enzymes.

Demand forecasting is critical for the pharmaceutical industry to ensure efficient production, inventory management, and distribution, especially in dynamic and competitive markets. This study addresses the challenges of accurate demand prediction within the Tunisian pharmaceutical sector. The primary aim was to compare the forecasting accuracy of two methods, Holt-Winters (HW) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks, for three drug categories: Antiviral, Antibiotic, and Pain Relief. Additionally, the study provides actionable recommendations to enhance forecasting strategies. A 24-month (n=24) historical sales dataset (October 2020 to September 2022) from a Tunisian pharmaceutical demand forecasting company was analyzed. The analysis utilized the Holt-Winters model to incorporate seasonal adjustments and an MLP neural network to capture complex, non-linear sales patterns. Both models were evaluated using metrics such as mean squared error (MSE) to quantify prediction accuracy. The MLP neural network consistently and significantly outperformed the Holt-Winters method, demonstrating markedly lower MSE values (e.g., 0.0206 for Antivirals, compared to 30.06 for HW) and greater adaptability to demand variability across all drug categories. While effective for seasonal patterns, HW struggled with irregular fluctuations and complex dynamics. This study highlights the superiority of MLP neural networks for pharmaceutical demand forecasting due to their adaptability and accuracy in handling non-linear and variable data. The findings provide a strong quantitative basis for Tunisian pharmaceutical companies to adopt advanced machine learning techniques for more reliable planning. However, to fully realize the potential of these techniques and address the limitations outlined in this research, future research should explore hybrid models and integrate extended datasets that incorporate external market dynamics and trends.

Medicines and herbal formulations are derived from different parts of medicinal plants, which are the best-known sources for treating various diseases. This research focuses on assessing the antimicrobial potential of crude extracts from the leaves and roots of Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Methanol, hydroethanol (50:50), and aqueous extracts were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method. The disc diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against a variety of test microorganisms, including bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) and fungus (Aspergillus niger). The disc diffusion method was used to assess bacterial susceptibility, revealing the potent inhibitory effect of the methanol extract on E. coli. All extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. Remarkably, methanol extract of leaf demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, with a 16.3 ± 1.78 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) with Activity Index (AI) of 0.875, and a Relative Percentage Inhibition (RPI) of 80 against E. coli, followed by Bacillus subtilis (ZOI = 15.5 ± 1.31 mm, AI = 0.869, RPI = 78.57). The methanol extract of the root showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (with a 12.9 ±1 mm ZOI, AI = 0.636, and RPI = 42.85), while the water extract of the root displayed 7.8 mm inhibition zones. Methanol and hydroethanol extracts of the leaf and root exhibited strong inhibitory effects against selected microbial strains. Each plant solvent extract suppressed microbial development in a distinct manner, and methanol and hydroethanol extracts inhibited microbial development more efficiently than aqueous extracts. Interestingly, water extracts had the least effective inhibitory effects across all strains. Notably, water extracts showed the weakest inhibitory effects against all strains. The current study demonstrated the efficacy of crude extracts of Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. against the tested strains of bacteria and fungi and also discussed their potential application as antibacterial agents for combating infectious diseases.

Microalgae are promising and sustainable sources of blue food proteins, offering high nutritional quality, environmental resilience, and the potential to meet the rising demand for alternative proteins. Despite these advantages, several challenges hinder their large-scale adoption, including production costs, regulatory barriers, protein extraction difficulties, and consumer perception. This review explores the key factors limiting the use of microalgae in the food industry, addressing economic and technological feasibility, regulatory aspects, and consumer acceptance. The analysis includes commonly used microalgae species, their nutritional profiles, and strategies for optimizing their incorporation into food products. Moreover, developing circular biorefineries and utilizing industrial wastewater for cultivation presents a viable solution to reduce costs and enhance sustainability. Additionally, advancements in protein extraction techniques, combined with technological innovations such as microencapsulation, may overcome sensory challenges, expanding consumer acceptance of microalgae-enriched products. Raising consumer awareness of the nutritional and environmental benefits of microalgae is also crucial for market adoption. Given the global need for sustainable food sources, microalgae represent a viable alternative but require scientific, regulatory, and strategic advancements to become a widely adopted solution in the alternative protein industry.

As the global population ages, the health of older adults has become a growing concern. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common ailment affecting older adults, but the diagnosis and treatment of AD are difficult given our insufficient understanding of the disease. This review article and patents aim to provide reliable information for patients and their families by presenting a detailed overview of the pathogenic factors, diagnostic methods, and clinical manifestation of AD, as well as advances in drug and physical therapies. The information presented here should help provide a more comprehensive understanding of AD for patients and their families and encourage family- or self-screening based on clinical manifestations, thus improving early AD detection. In addition, the current treatment methods for AD are summarized. Although a goldstandard treatment for AD is yet to be developed, controlled-release therapies and medications that slow disease progression or improve cognitive function are available. The appropriate treatment method depends on the patient's diagnosis and the local medical level, and the effectiveness of the treatments may vary. Therefore, improving our understanding of AD and cognition-related symptoms in the public is necessary to improve early AD diagnoses. This review provides information that will facilitate self-screening for AD based on clinical manifestations, which can improve the early clinical diagnosis rate.

Schistosoma mansoni poses a considerable global public health challenge. In Egypt, approximately 60% of the inhabitants in the Northern and Eastern areas of the Nile Delta are affected by this parasite, whereas the Southern region experiences a significantly lower infection rate of 6%. Construction of an immune phage display Nbs library based on the VHH framework for selecting S. mansoni-specific Nbs for seeking cost-effective, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for rapidly detecting Schistosoma mansoni. Camel was immunized using soluble adult worm antigens (SAWP) for the production of Variable domains of heavy chains of camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (VHHs), which are known as nanobodies (Nb). The PBMCs repertoires VHH sequences library have been constructed with a high percentage of insertion and right orientation using pADL-23c phagmid and M13 phage followed by three rounds of bio-panning against SAWP using phage display technique. Evaluations using polyclonal phage ELISA and other techniques have been carried out to reveal the successful enrichment of anti-SAWP Nbs (VHH) clones. Evaluation of the diagnostic potentiality of these Nbs was carried out using ELISA on human serum samples confirmed for S. mansoni infection. Receiver Operator of Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used for discrimination between S. mansoni infection and both negative controls and the Fasciola hepatica group. Using monoclonal ELISA, Nbs of 22 clones out of 24 selected clones showed binding affinity to SAWP. The cutoff values of the produced anti-S. mansoni Nbs was > 0.19, leading to 80% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and 90% accuracy. Sequence analysis of three of these Nbs with high binding affinities showed diversity in their targets, considering their CDR3 aa sequences. This study successfully generated a diverse phage library enriched with anti-S. mansoni VHHs. The nanobodies produced exhibit high diagnostic potential for detecting S. mansoni infection in human patients, offering a promising avenue for the development of efficient diagnostic tools. The innovative approach described herein may have potential applications for patent considerations in the field of the field of diagnostic technology.