Climate change has profound effect on disease in freshwater ecosystems. The pathogen distribution is affected by global warming with variation in host range and its abundance as variables, and, generally transmission rates of parasites and pathogens are expected to rise through impact upon anthropogenic stressors in ecosystems. The climatic change and stressors in combined form exert negative effects on host organisms and their populations. The key species in aquatic ecosystem showed transmission of disease through exchange of nutrients in trophic levels.

The aim of this short note is to introduce the concepts of quasi prime and prime Γ-ideals in ordered Γ-AG-groupoids with left identity. These concepts are related to the concepts of prime and quasi-prime Γ-ideals, and play an important role in studying the structure of some ordered Γ-AG-groupoids, so it seems to be interesting to study them.

Piper nigrum (family Piperaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant. It is one of the most commonly used spices and considered as “The King of spices” among various spices. Black pepper is grown in many tropical regions like Brazil, Indonesia and India. Hot and pungent peppercorns are obtained from Black pepper which is the most famous and one of the commonly used spices throughout the world. Pepper is used worldwide in different types of sauces and dishes like meat dishes. One study reported that piperine is widely used in various herbal cough syrups for its potent anti-tussive and bronchodilator properties. It is used in anti- inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-leukemia treatment. Recent medical studies have shown that it is helpful in increasing the absorption of certain vitamins, selenium, β-cartene, also increase the body’s natural thermogenic activity.

The plant A. precatorius L. is commonly known to tribal people of Champaran district (east and west) of Bihar as ‘Jethimudh’, "Karjiri" or ‘Ratti’. Six free amino-acids have been detected from the leaves of the plant. Out of these six, DL-threonine is an essential amino acid. DL-aspartic acid, DL- nor-leucine and L-cystine HCL are non-essential amino acids whereas L-cystine is sulphur containing and DL-2-amino-n-butyric acid is non-proteinaceous amino acid. This ornamental plant is used by tribal people in uterine disorders, sore throat, lungs congestion, anti-fertilitic agent, cough and cold, fruits as insecticides and seed powder as antidote to snake bite. Cystenuria is a disease caused due to metabolic imbalance by this plant.

The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of hexane, 70% methanolic extract and bark hexane extract of M. zanquebarica. In this study the extract was tested using Human cancer cell lines, such as PC-3 (Prostate carcinoma), A-431 (Epidermoid carcinoma), HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma) and MCF (Breast cancer) for their effects on cell viability, growth inhibition and cell morphology. Cell viability and inhibition were determined by MTT [(3,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)] assay. Hexane bark extract had shown more percentage of inhibition on A431 cell lines. Out of the different concentrations used, the hexane extract showed IC50 value of 100 μg/ml concentration in all the cell lines. The result implicated that hexane extract was more pronounced with more activity against all the cancer cell lines.

We studied impact of ecological realism upon relation between species richness and community variables in three experimental setting increasingly exposed to external forces. The results showed species stability in natural, while moderate deviation in laboratory and minimum in temporary resources. The result also showed that species diversity is less due to both natural and environmental forcing.

Two simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (A and B) for the assay of Eletriptan Hydro Bromide (EHB) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations were developed. Method A is based on oxidation of the drug with oxidant Potassium permanganate, followed by the estimation of un reacted oxidant with Fast green FCF (FGFCF),at a λmax 622nm. Method-B depends on reduction of 1, 2 or 3 oxygen atoms from Molybdate by the acid hydrolysis products of paraxetine (catechol unit and formaldehyde) of the drug producing one or more of the possible reduced species which has a characteristic intense green colour measured at λmax 641nm against a reagent blank. The amount of EHB in both methods were obtained from the Beers-Lambert's plot. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges for method A, and B are (4–24) μg/ml,(10–60) μg/ml, correlation co-efficient are 0.9992,0.9968 respectively. The Sandell's sensitivities are 1.3738 x 10−2 (1 mole cm−1) for both methods and molar absorptivity values 6.8549 x 105 and 1.2115 x 105(μg cm−2). The proposed methods are applied to commercially available formulations and the results are statistically compared with those obtained by the UV reference method and validated by recovery studies. These methods are applied successfully for the estimation of the Eletriptan Hydrobromide in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in formulations. These methods offer the advantages of rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity and low cost without the need for expensive instrumentation and reagents.

An accurate, Precise, Simple and Economical High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for the estimation of Pamabrom in bulk form has been developed. The method so developed is Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method using Primesil C18 column (Length: 250nm, Diameter: 4.6nm, Particle size: 5μ) with a simple methanol and Water (0.05% OPA) mixed in a proportion of 80: 20 v/v as mobile phase. The retention time for Pamabrom was found to be 4.48 min. The linearity for the method was observed in a concentration range of 10–50μg/mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The method so developed was validated in compliance with the regulatory guidelines by using well developed Analytical method validation tool which comprises with the analytical method validation parameters like Linearity, Accuracy, Method precision, Specificity, System suitability, Robustness and Ruggedness. The results obtained were well within the acceptance criteria.

The present investigation includes the preliminary screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of an in vitro antidiabetic activity of Azima tetracantha LAM extracts. Plant material was subjected to the extract preparation by soxhlet apparatus by using various solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether. The various kinds of phytochemicals were detected and then in vitro antidiabetic activity of Azima tetracantha LAM ethanol and aqueous extracts were detected by using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme in an in vitro model. The study reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids, phenols etc., Among the various extracts the aqueous and ethanolic extracts which contains the large number of phytoconstituents. The Azima tetracantha LAM extracts has been successfully inhibited both the enzymes in an in vitro model. The aqueous extracts of Azima tetracantha LAM inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 48.59% and 64.99% respectively. The ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha LAM inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 65.34% and 58.48% respectively. From the results obtained in the current studies, the Azima tetracantha LAM extracts have a prominent antidiabetic property in an in vitro model and further studies can be carried out in an in vivo model and the isolation of active compound from Azima tetracantha LAM extract is needed.

A simple, sensitive indirect visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of almotriptan malate either in bulk or tablet dosage forms. The method is based on the oxidation of drug with excess N-Bromo succinimide and determining the unreacted NBS with reagents PMAP-SA by spectrophotometrically at 520nm Beer's law obeyed in the concentration range of 4–20 μg/ml. No interference was observed from the usually existing additives in pharmaceutical formulations and the applicability of the method was examined by analyzing AXERT tablets containing AM. The statistical data indicates the accuracy, reproducibility and the precision of the proposed method.