Children’s first years at school are critical for their language development, academic progress, and social learning. Hopefully, children make friends when they start school because friendships support children’s learning and well-being. Friendships need to be developed and maintained, and interpersonal language resources like evaluative language provide linguistic tools that contribute to this relationship work. Appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing evaluative language. This research applies the appraisal framework to explore evaluative language in the conversations of 2 pairs of 5-to-6-year-old friends. Children in each dyad identified each other as ‘very best friends,’ and their conversations were recorded as they played together. They used appraisal resources to negotiate and build common ground, to encourage responses from their friends, and to enrich their play. This research applies Martin and White’s (2005) framework in a new context and brings a new tool to the study of children’s peer conversations.

This paper is a contribution to appraisal-based scholarship concerned with the discursive performance of what is variously termed ‘identity’ or ‘persona’—specifically the scholarship which proposes that key aspects of textual identity/persona can be related to tendencies in speakers’i deployment of the resources for conveying evaluative meanings. Our contribution is via an analysis of similarities and differences in the use of meanings which convey attitudinal assessment by couples participating in a Chinese ‘reality TV’ family dispute resolution program; we formulate identity/persona as involving ways of presenting ‘the self,’ specifically those aspects of ‘the self’ associated with what attitudinal meanings the speaker advances and with how those meanings are advanced. We demonstrate a methodology which classifies expressions of positive/negative assessment by reference to the subtype of attitude, its valency (positive or negative), whether the assessment is explicitly or implicitly conveyed, and the type of the assessment target (who or what is being evaluated). Via this methodology, we show how these ways of self-presentation can be characterised, compared, and grouped into subtypes (i.e., ways of self-presentation which, broadly speaking, are repeated across speakers). We report findings that, in their self-presentations, the participants in this programme were broadly similar in their deployment of some options for conveying positive or negative assessment (e.g., in a preference for implicitly rather than explicitly conveying their attitude), but that there were also significant individual differences (e.g., in terms of readiness to report their own experiencing of negative emotions). Also, we offer an exploration of how computational tools for multivariate cluster analysis might be deployed to develop more abstract characterisations and comparisons of ways of self-presentation—characterisations which reference tendencies across multiple options for attitudinal assessment.

The current study sought to bring into light the important functions of pre and postmorbid nondominant language interventions and aphasia patients’ level of L1-L2 proficiency considering the productive dimension of vocabulary knowledge affected by intertrial tasks. Two Persian-English bilingual cases with anomia and different levels of postmorbid L2 proficiency were subjected to a treatment of English naming to find the contribution of English naming improvement to Persian naming. Both cases were given the therapeutic language intervention to enhance their naming performance of English lexical items and to find out whether it could be generalized to Persian equivalents.Data obtained from the 2 participants were analyzed using semantic naming tests, and the responses were validated through time-series analysis. Statistical findings suggested that participant 1, who had a higher L2 proficiency, exhibited higher performance than participant 2 throughout 5 consecutive trials, once they had received phonemic cues after semantic ones. Concerning within-language impacts, treated items exhibited a considerable improvement. The treated items and repeated untreated ones improved concerning cross-language impacts.

Throughout all stages of linguistics evolution, including the modern one, the problem of correlation of content and form, symmetry/asymmetry of denotation and connotation is an ongoing problem. The relevance of the current research is, on the one hand, defined by the focus on the unresolved problem of syntactic phraseological models' semantic-functional status, and, on the other hand, driven by the focused attention to the representation of intension in the information structure of phrasemes, which differ by correlation of qualitative-quantitative and relational meanings. Phraseomodels, which are analyzed in the aspect of inter-model correlation, are correlated with those phrase models that include the slishkom..., chtoby part, which shows the redundancy in the quality or in the condition, and with those that include the ne tak/ne nastol'ko/ne stol'..., chtoby part, in which the quality of the subject, on the contrary, does not exceed the bare minimum for something to happen.

The article is devoted to the identification of grammatical and syntactic means of language as a means of introducing the image of the main heroine of the novel “Arch of Triumph” by Erich Maria Remarque. Based on the analysis of the first chapter of the novel, it is concluded that the task of introducing and transmitting the image of the main heroine is realized by the author through the use of a number of grammatical constructions, in particular, various forms of the subjunctive, primarily relying on the modal meaning of optativity (desirability). In addition, the author reveals such stylistic technique as contrasting sentences in two moods: subjunctive and indicative, which serves to strengthen the contrast between the real and unreal, real and desirable, while realizing the author’s intention to immerse the reader in the world of doubts that torment the soul of the main character. At the same time, it has been established that a characteristic feature of the author’s language in the studied novel is the use of simple sentences.

The article is presenting the results of the Tatar realia research. The authors have calculated the semantic distance coefficient (SDC) for one of the semantic fields of the Tatar realia “Fairy tales’ heroes”. It makes up 11.8, which shows that on average to explain the meanings of Tatar realia, we need approximately 12 words. This figure states the difference in perceiving world picture between Tatar and English peoples. The method of research is based on the statement proved by the linguists of Voronezh University (Russia). They believe the more words we need to explain the word meaning the less common concepts the pair languages have. We also compared the SDC for the other fields of the Tatar realia. For the field “Family” it makes up 8.57, for the field “Animals” it is 6.5, for the field “Religion” it is 12.44, for the field “Measures” t is 11.7, for the field “Food” it is 9.93, for the field “Household objects” it is 8.2. Thus, the numbers show in which fields we have fewer common concepts to avoid misunderstanding.

The article is devoted to the scientific heritage of Osip Kowalewski (1800-1878) – the Polish and Russian scientist. He got an education of an ancient historian at Vilnius University. Kowalewski participated in the Polish liberation movement and was banished to Kazan. He learned east languages, in 1828 - 1832 Kowalewski was sent to an expedition to Transbaikal and Mongolia and also spent seven months in Beijing. Besides a set of scientific works, including early studies of the Mongolian Buddhism and the three-volume Mongolian and Russian-French dictionary, Kowalewski left a large number of diary entries. The materials relating to a trip from Kyakhta to Beijing and back were published only in 2005. It is used biographic and source study methods in the article. The analysis of contents of diaries of O. Kowalewski demonstrates that as to the scientist were inherent in its independence, systematic character, realness, concreteness and criticality of thinking. Kowalewski does not fall into idealization and a mythologization of an image of Mongolia and China.

Reading fairy tales aloud is a great way to improve the pronunciation of your language, as they are meant to be spoken and heard by others. By offering an interesting and novel topic for class discussion, which could encourage shyer or more creative students to speak up, they can also improve the speaking skills of students. During the study, polling methods, interviews, and content analysis were used. It has been found that more consideration was given to the conflict itself in Russian fairy-tales, and to pre-conflict and post-conflict – in Tatar fairy-tales. The predominant behavioural strategy is a confrontation; the most successful tactics are cunning, fleeing from the place of conflict and reliance on a support group. Little attention is given to the emotions of the characters. In general, the fairy-tales examined to provide a limited set of conflict management practices. However, the combination of Russian and Tatar fairy-tales significantly enriches it.

In this article, it was tried to describe the role of reading classical literature in the spiritual space of modern man. The features of the state of reading in the conditions of social changes are analyzed; the main functions of fiction contributing to the formation of the worldview of the individual are highlighted. This article analyzes the features of the state of reading in the conditions of social changes in Kazakhstan. Using structurally functional and valuable approaches to research of the designated problem, the author represents reading as one of the highlights in the difficult process of socialization. The purpose of research consists in the judgment of the role of classical literature reading in the spiritual space of a person. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the features of the current state of reading, including overseas ones. Besides, we highlighted the basic functions of classical literature promoting the formation of personal outlook: cognitive, educational, communicative, esthetic, creative.

The article gives an insight into the theory of discourse, text and communication. The discourse description is conducted through its inventory, conceptual spheres and communicative purposes. The rationale for the problem of the research lies in providing the complex analysis of a discourse of one sphere in the languages of different types; that promotes more accurate characterization of typical general features of professional discourse. The basic aim is going into the effective use of communicative and functional approach to discourse analysis. The paper presents first, some theoretical foundation concerning professional and specialized communication, and, second, the results of the practical research of contemporary architectural media discourse (21st c.) (CAMD) in the Russian (CAMDR) and English (CAMDE) languages. The basic material for the studies is found in the reports, accounts, discussions and forums of contemporary architecture of Kazan (Russian Federation) and London (UK) in mass media within the period of 2000-2018. The outcome of the investigation may be revealed in discourse types and methodology of communicative and functional approach application.