Objective:The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the components of shame and internal stigma in individuals with substance dependence undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.Method: A quasi-experimental study with a pre-testpost-test design with a control group was employed.The study population consisted of all individuals with substance dependence receiving methadone treatment at addiction treatment centers in Shahrood in 2024.From this population, 32 individuals were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=16) and control (n=16).Participants in both groups completed the external shame and internal stigma questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was implemented in eight 90-minute sessions, once a week, to the experimental group.Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.Results: The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy led to a reduction in the components of shame and improvement in internal stigma in individuals with substance dependence undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, addiction specialists can emphasize the improvement of shame and internal stigma components by using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Objective: This research aimed to develop and validate a school-based educational package for the prevention of addiction among adolescents and to investigate its effectiveness on students' susceptibility to addiction.Method: The research employed a qualitative approach involving thematic analysis, while the quantitative component utilized a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measures, including a control group and a two-month follow-up period.The statistical population of the study included all male middle school students in Karaj in 2023.From this population, 30 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15).The content analysis method was used to identify the components of the educational package.Then, the participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of the developed educational package on addiction prevention.To collect data, questionnaires on addiction readiness and high-risk behaviors were used.The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and qualitative data using MAXQDA2020 software.Results: In the qualitative findings section, about 134 primary themes were extracted, which were finally developed into 4 overarching themes and 18 subthemes.In the quantitative findings section, the results showed that the educational package for addiction prevention was effective in reducing students' propensity for addiction.The results of the follow-up stage also showed that the positive effects of the intervention were maintained over time.Conclusion: According to the results, the use of this educational intervention is recommended by the welfare organization, psychological centers, and other educational and cultural organizations for providing addiction prevention education.

Objective:The aim of the present study was to predict the degree of tendency to drug use among students based on cultural, social, and family factors.Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation.Among the students of Hamadan province, 400 people were selected using the convenience sampling method.The tools used in this research were researcher-made questionnaires, including drug addiction, family conflict, individualism, sense of anomie, religious adherence, and the degree of student control by the family.Pearson's correlation test and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that the variables of family conflict, feeling of anomie, and individualism had a significant positive relationship, while the variables of student control by the family, religious adherence, and academic performance had a significant negative relationship with students' tendency to use substances.The regression results also indicated that the variables of family conflict, feeling of anomie, individualism, the degree of student control by the family, and religious adherence were able to explain 32% of the variance of drug addiction simultaneously.However, the variable of academic performance did not play a role in predicting the students' inclination towards substance use.Conclusion: According to the results, cultural, social, and family factors play an important role in predicting students' tendency to use substances.Therefore, to prevent the formation of underlying factors in students' tendency to use substances, it is necessary to consider cultural, social, and family factors in the design and implementation of prevention programs.Proper investment in controlling and directing students' behavior towards drug use is suggested based on the identified variables.

Objective:The current research aimed to identify methods of utilizing clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking.Method: The present research employed a qualitative approach based on the phenomenological method.The research community consulted experts from Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2023.Through purposeful sampling and employing the data saturation technique, 15 individuals were selected.Data collection was conducted through semistructured in-depth interviews, and data analysis was performed using the directed thematic analysis method in MaxQDA software.Results: The study revealed 8 organizing themes, consisting of 32 basic themes that proved to be effective as informational and operational methods.Additionally, two inclusive themes emerged regarding the utilization of clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking.The organizing themes of this research on tribes and clans included attracting information agents, utilizing information, motivating, informing, equipping with new tools, promoting border knowledge, operational training, operational use, infiltrating them among gangs and networks, and creating operational teams.Conclusion: Recruiting from tribes and clans, motivating and raising awareness, providing them with new tools, enhancing their knowledge of borders as information methods and operational training, infiltrating tribes and clans among gangs and networks, and establishing operational teams from within the target community are effective methods for combating substance trafficking.

Objective: This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of compassionbased therapy on oppositional defiant behavior and self-control in children with substance-dependent parents.Method: The research method employed a semiexperimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up, including a control group.The statistical population of the research included all students with substance-dependent parents in Ahvaz city in 2022-2023.Among them, 30 people were selected through the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15).The participants in both groups completed the SNAP-IV and self-control rating scales during the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments.The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of compassion-based therapy, with a frequency of one session per week.The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.Results: The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of oppositional defiant behavior and self-control.Compassion-based therapy reduced oppositional defiant behavior and increased self-control in the experimental group, and these results were sustained during the follow-up phase.Conclusion: Compassionbased therapy, utilizing techniques such as raising awareness of positive and negative experiences, generating positive experiences through mental imagery, teaching compassion, and adjusting behavior through environmental reinforcement, can be an effective intervention to decrease oppositional defiant behavior and enhance self-control in students with substance-dependent parents.

Objective: The aim of the current research was to investigate the methods of managing notorious substance-dependent individuals globally to design intervention programs in Iran.Method: The research design involved an analytical systematic study.In this regard, to find documents related to the management practices of notorious substance-dependent individuals worldwide, an integrated search and analysis of articles published until 2023 was conducted in PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Pro Quest, Elsevier, Science Direct, National Institutes of Health, and Google Scholar databases.Results: The findings indicated that the texts focused more on pain management, self-management, motivational interviewing, primary care, barriers to health services, education, patient-centered care, quality of life, and mental health.Conclusion: According to evidence-based findings, a range of interventions are recommended for Iran's notorious substance-dependent individuals, including comprehensive behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions, accommodation-based interventions, harm reduction strategies, peer mentoring programs, alternative therapies, employment and vocational training programs, faith-based interventions, and interventions based on criminal justice.

A Qualitative Study of Causes and Contexts of Substance Use Disorder among Students in the City of Tabriz