In addition to the reported synthetic routes for the acetylene derivatives of quinones, a detailed analysis of the fundamental chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of this class of compounds is presented herein. The advantages of Pd- and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with iodarenes via the Sonogashira reaction to produce new acetylenylquinones with predetermined properties are examined. Here, combining quinoid and acetylene residues into one molecule gives the resulting compounds chemical specificity, as demonstrated by several reported examples of non-trivial transformations. In particular, the presence of the quinoid cycle significantly increases the electrophilicity of the triple bond and determines the range of transformation possibilities. Moreover, acetylenylquinones have heightened sensitivity to both external (such as the reaction temperature and the nature of the solvent) and internal (e.g., the structure of substituents in the nucleus and the acetylene fragment) factors. For example, regioselective cleavage of a strong triple bond under the action of amines is possible in the absence of a metal catalyst. Peri-substituted acetylenyl-9,10-anthraquinones are most suited for the synthetic route because of the proximity of the acetylene and carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of reactions of selective alkynylquinones are described.

Nanotechnology encompasses the science and technology of objects with sizes ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. Today, exploration and production from conventional oil and gas wells have reached a stage of depletion. Newer technologies have been developed to address this problem. Maximum oil production at a minimum cost is currently a huge challenge. This paper reviews nanotechnology applications in the oil and gas production sector, including in the fields of exploration, drilling, production, and waste management in oil fields, as well as their environmental concerns. The paper reviews experimental observations carried out by various researchers in these fields. The effect of various nanoparticles, such as titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, and carbon nanotubes in drilling fluids and silica nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery, has been observed and studied. This paper gives a detailed review of the benefits of nanotechnology in oil exploration and production. The fusion of nanotechnology and petroleum technology can result in great benefits. The physics and chemistry of nanoparticles and nanostructures are very new to petroleum technology. Due to the greater risk associated with adapting new technology, nanotechnology has been slow to gain widespread acceptance in the oil and gas industries. However, the current economic conditions have become a driving force for newer technologies.

The role of neutron beam investigation is significant not only for fundamental science but also for various fields of applied science. This work is dedicated to the formation of neutron beams using the external 18-MeV proton beam of IBA cyclotron C18/18 with a beam current of up to 100 µA. The facility is located at the A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute). The possibility to obtain thermal or epithermal neutron beams using the external proton beam of the cyclotron is studied using Geant4 simulations. In this case, a quasimonoenergetic neutron source 9Be (p, n)9B reaction is chosen. As a result of the simulations, the optimal thickness of the 9Be beryllium isotope target is determined. The induced neutron beam is accompanied by a gamma ray background. To decrease the number of accompanying gamma rays, the lead absorber is considered. As a method of separating neutrons from gamma rays, the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique is developed. This study shows the possibility of neutron-gamma PSD and its applicability using the EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator.

A comprehensive review of existing radial distribution test systems available for power system distribution research is presented. The review can be used to establish a record of cases suitable for distribution operation and planning studies. The importance of the distribution system, the structure of the system in the grid, and various configurations of the distribution network are discussed. The primary requirement of a distribution network is highlighted to underline the important system parameters that should be considered in the design and planning stages. Various research related to the distribution network can be conducted, such as load flow algorithms, optimal incorporation of distributed generation, network reconfiguration, and optimal capacitor allocation, such as important details pertaining to each test system are given. Additional information, such as active and reactive loads and losses, minimum voltage values, and bus location with the weakest voltage values, is provided. Application of the reviewed works based on the test system is tabulated and presented. The information presented in this paper will be beneficial for future research in distribution system design and planning.

A novel hybrid solar-wind reverse-osmosis (RO) multistage flash (MSF) distillation desalination system was manufactured and tested in actual conditions in Iran. Solar energy was used to provide both thermal and electrical power and wind energy was used to provide electrical power. Exergy analysis can be used to design more efficient energy systems by reducing inefficien-cies, and indicates opportunities for improving performance in existing systems. The exergy involved in the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF desalination system is analyzed below using data obtained from theoretical and experimental studies. The RO and MSF systems, powered by wind and solar energy, achieved increases in the reliability and flexibility of the system and in the quality of the resulting drinking water. According to the exergy analysis, the irreversible losses from the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF plant are concentrated in the solar collector and the multistage flash chamber. These exergy losses can be reduced by isolating the collector, coating the pipes and MSF walls, selecting the parameters for the vapor compressor and RO membrane and pumps, and improving the flash process. By optimizing the performance of the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF system, the amount of water recovery should increase, and the energy consumption should decrease, which should improve the overall efficiency of the system.

The peculiarities of electromagnetic oscillations generated by a charged particle moving rectilinearly and uniformly have been studied when the particle crosses a planar boundary between a conducting medium and a vacuum perpendicular to that boundary. This study is based on the relevant exact analytical solutions of Maxwell equations, and the generalized Drude–Lorentz–Sommerfeld formula has been used for the dielectric function of conducting medium in the numerical calculations. The results of our investigation indicated that a charged particle may generate large amplitude oscillations in an electric field at frequencies wherein the dispersion phenomenon is essential and the real part of the conducting material’s dielectric function is negative. The results further revealed that these oscillations are localized at the planar boundary of the conducting medium and a vacuum. The possibility of using this phenomenon to generate electromagnetic radiation at large distances from the surface of a conducting medium of finite size is also discussed.

With an increase in the amount of renewable, solar photovoltaic in particular, developing efficient energy storage media will become increasingly important. Batteries are one of the most common storage devices, and the maximum runtime and dynamic behavior of batteries play an important role in various energy storage applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the battery behavior during charging and discharging operation. This study aims to analyze the properties of a lithium polymer battery to support low-power Solar PV applications through experiment and simulation with a goal of understanding its electrical behavior. A simple experimental test procedure was used to determine the various electric parameters required to develop a model of the battery. Simulations results at various C rates captured the dynamic behavior of the lithium polymer battery, revealing an acceptable trade-off between accuracy and complexity.

The paper studies the penetration of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, argon and krypton into copper, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, iron and different steels under the action of spark discharges in various media based on radioactive indicators using step-by-step radiometric analysis, macro-, micro-, electron-microscopy and activation autoradiography, Mössbauer and Auger spectroscopy, secondary ion-ionic emission, X-ray diffraction and X-ray microanalysis. The study describes distribution features of penetrating atoms and their concentration profiles. Phase composition of near-surface layers is also determined. It is shown that supersaturated solid solutions of iron in copper and copper in iron are formed during simultaneous iron and oxygen penetration in copper and spinel (Fe6Cu3O4)4. Diffusion of iron and carbon results in supersaturated solid solutions of iron and carbon in copper, copper and carbon in iron, graphite and cementite. Inert gases and nitrogen form solid solutions with copper. Phase composition of near-surface layers in Fe is determined. Iron dioxide FeO, a carbon solid solution in iron with fcc lattice γ-Fe, tetragonal martensite and cementite, two iron (III) hydroxide FeOOH modifications, a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Fe4N, solid solutions of inert gases in iron are formed in the diffusion zone. Simultaneous interaction of molybdenum with iron (the anode material) and various gases results in the formation of substitutional solid solutions of iron in molybdenum and molybdenum in iron, a small amount of interstitial solid solutions of nitrogen and carbon in molybdenum and nitrogen in iron, interstitial phases: molybdenum nitrides and carbides and traces of nitrides of iron (Fe4N, Fe2N) and Fe1,9Mo (λ) phases in the form of needles. Treatment of nickel with a nickel anode in the nitrogen medium promotes formation of a solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Ni3N in the matrix with preserved hexagonal symmetry and lattice parameters that are characteristic of this phase under equilibrium conditions. Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and argon are present in the interstitial solid solutions in treatment of nickel in ambient air; however, oxides are not found even on the surface (in the layer ~200 nm). Interaction of titanium with atmospheric gases leads to formation of a solid solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and argon in titanium and titanium nitride Ti2N (ε). Simultaneous saturation of the titanium surface with nickel and nitrogen in the interaction zone causes formation of phases in the following order: nickel nitride; a solid solution of nitrogen and titanium in nickel and a solid solution of both alloying elements in titanium.

Абстрактные. В статье описаны полученные экспериментальные результаты для планарного акустоплазменного магнетрона. Небольшой радиус анодной петли позволяет фокусировать и ускорять ионный компонент распыленного материала. В качестве буферного газа использовали аргон. Сравниваются характеристики магнетрона в случае постоянного тока и в акустоплазменном режиме (AP) (с модулированным током, содержащим постоянные и переменные компоненты). Скорость распыления в режиме AP увеличивается. Для медного катода давление газа составляло <1 Па и плотность тока порядка 100 мА / см 2с увеличением расстояния от анода до осажденного субстрата от 2 до 4 см в случае подачи постоянного тока скорость осаждения снижается в 3,3 раза (от 17 до 5 нм / с), в акустоплазменном режиме - в 2 раза (от 13 до 6,4 нм / с). Для расстояния анода-подложки 4 см прирост скорости осаждения в режиме AP по сравнению с DC составляет 1,2-1,5 раза. Измерялись зависимости ионного и электронного токов на подложке от разных параметров разряда. Исследование основано на схеме с двумя потенциальными сетками с фиксированными и переменными потенциалами. Показана возможность формирования кольцевого пароплазменного потока быстрых частиц.

The present work reviews the results concerning quantum scattering theory of ultrarelativistic electrons in ultrathin crystals and its comparison with analogous classical results. It deals with an intermediate range of thicknesses, large enough for that the particle motion could not be considered as rectilinear but small enough for that the channeling regime of motion was not established. The quantum theory is based both upon the representation of the scattering amplitude as an integral over the surface surrounding the target, and on the so-called operator method of determination of the wave function as a solution of a Schrödinger-like equation. The latter method implies a wide use of the Fourier technique, both in calculation of each next step in the wave packet evolution, and in moving from the spatial coordinates to the angular ones. The authors compare the quantum differential scattering cross-sections with the classical ones in the considered range of crystal thicknesses and show their resemblances, distinctions and the evolution of these distinctions with the change of the particle energy. The simplest variant of quantum scattering theory based upon the eikonal approximation of quantum mechanics is considered. In the paper the quantum differential scattering cross-section was calculated and its affinity with the classical one was demonstrated. In the preparation of these lecture notes the material of the paper [4] was used.