The currently known methods for the preparation of vinyl ethers, vinyl sulfides and enamines are analyzed and described systematically. The published data on the reactions of alcohols, thiols and various nitrogen-containing compounds with acetylene, resulting in the corresponding vinyl derivatives, are considered. The attention is focused on the application of convenient acetylene sources. Other modern approaches to the synthesis of vinyl derivatives are described in detail, including vinyl exchange and metathesis reactions, various types of cross-coupling and cleavage of organic compounds. Some specific synthetic routes to vinyl ethers, vinyl sulfides and enamines are presented in the last Section.The bibliography includes 262 references.

Metal-inorganic frameworks are all-inorganic counterparts of well-known and extensively investigated metal-organic frameworks. Metal atoms connected by linkers form structures of different dimensionality with channels filled with atoms, ions or molecules. The review is devoted to metal-inorganic frameworks assembled from transition metal atoms, mainly mercury and silver, linked to phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atoms or groups of atoms of different shapes (dumbbells, rings, clusters, chains or helices). This assembly gives rise to frameworks of different geometry and with different topology. In all cases, the positively charged framework is composed of transition metal cations and pnictogen atoms as linkers. The positive charge of the framework is compensated by guest anions. Depending on the charge of the framework and the nature of the anion, compounds with different structures and properties can be produced. Specific features of metal-inorganic frameworks, the influence of weak interactions on the framework architecture and possibilities of designing new frameworks are discussed.The bibliography includes 82 references.

The review is devoted to the achievements in analysis of information on chemical reactions using machine learning methods. Four large areas that actively use these methods are outlined: computer-assisted planning of synthesis, analysis and visualization of chemical reaction data, prediction of the quantitative characteristics of reactions and computer-aided design of catalysts.The bibliography includes 346 references.

To study transition structures that are formed in real time during a chemical reaction process, it is necessary to use ultrafast methods to follow the structural dynamics of molecular systems. For many decades, optical methods have been used to study the electronic states and time course giving rise to structural intermediates of chemical reactions with an ever higher time resolution. Although in some cases optical methods show many details, ultimately the results of these observations give only indirect information about the structure of the chemical reaction intermediates. Experimental observation of the behaviour of matter in the space-time continuum on ultrashort time scale is the necessary first step to explain and, subsequently, to control the nonequilibrium processes and functionality of the systems under study, to trace the relationship between the elements of the triad ‘Structure – Dynamics – Function’ to fully understand material properties. The results of these studies provide the necessary new information for testing theoretical approaches to the description of nonequilibrium chemical dynamics of molecular systems. The study of the time sequence of ultrafast processes occurring during the evolution of intermediate structures in the course of chemical reactions requires the integration of information that can be obtained by using complementary diffraction and spectroscopic methods based on various physical phenomena. Integration of data from ultrafast diffraction and spectroscopy makes it possible to investigate timescales prior to the onset of dissipation in which the coherent dynamics of matter can be observed. The use of quantum chemical calculations has reached a level of sophistication that makes it possible to explain the results of these experimental studies, the features of nonadiabatic behaviour of intermediate structures, and transition states of chemical reactions of molecular systems. This review analyzes the achievements of this rapidly developing field of modern chemistry, femtochemistry, to observe the primary events directing chemistry.The bibliography includes 580 references.

The cell wall of opportunistic pathogenic yeast fungi Candida and mould fungi Aspergillus is highly important for the pathogenesis of fungal infections, as it is the first to interact with the cells of the host organism, is responsible for pathogen adhesion and intra- and intercellular communications and bears important antigenic determinants. Fungal cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides. Methods that are currently used to study biological functions of cell wall polysaccharides require samples that are structurally characterized and have sufficient homogeneity and purity. However, the isolation of such samples from fungal cultures is often poorly feasible. Therefore, synthetic oligosaccharides of strictly specified structure corresponding to polysaccharide fragments of the cell wall of pathogenic fungi are indispensable tools for investigating the biological functions of such compounds. The review surveys studies devoted to the synthesis of oligosaccharides corresponding to fragments of major polysaccharide components of the fungal cell wall of Candida and Aspergillus: mannan, α- and β-(1→3)-glucans, chitin, galactosaminogalactan and galactomannan.The bibliography includes 140 references.

Current views on heterogeneous photocatalysts for visible- and near-UV-light-driven production of molecular hydrogen from water and aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic electron donors are analyzed and summarized. Main types of such photocatalysts and methods for their preparation are considered. Particular attention is paid to semiconductor photocatalysts based on sulfides that are known to be sensitive to visible light. The known methods for increasing the quantum efficiency of the target process are discussed, including design of the structure, composition and texture of semiconductor photocatalysts and variation of the medium pH and the substrate and photocatalyst concentrations. Some important aspects of the activation and deactivation of sulfide photocatalysts and the evolution of their properties in the course of hydrogen production processes in the presence of various types of electron donors are analyzed.The bibliography includes 276 references.

The results of studies of the formation and properties of supramolecular hydrogels based on salts of bile acids, biological surfactants, are summarized. The attention is focused on the properties of sodium deoxycholate, in particular, its capacity for efficient solubilization and delivery of hydrophobic drugs, binding of metal ions and formation of fluorescent hydrogels. The features of formation of hydrogels with the participation of crown-substituted phthalocyanines and sodium deoxycholate are discussed, including the aggregation state and the fluorescent properties of the active component.The bibliography includes 184 references.

Data on the reactivity of nitrosonium cation in chemical reactions are systematized and integrated. The review demonstrates the structural diversity of nitrosonium complexes resulting from the specific features of the electronic structure of NO+. The use of nitrosonium salts in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and for the preparation of modern materials, including nanomaterials, is considered. The participation of NO+ in oxidative, catalytic and biochemical processes is discussed.The bibliography includes 332 references.

The review summarizes data published in the last decade on the reactions of organic compounds involving N-acyliminium ions, including intramolecular arylation (cyclization), cross-coupling with nucleophiles and some other transformations to form new carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bonds. The stereo- and enantioselective versions of these reactions using chiral auxiliaries and asymmetric catalysts (organocatalysts) are considered. Examples of application of N-acyliminium ions for the synthesis of natural compounds and their analogues are presented.The bibliography includes 100 references.

Literature data on organic materials capable of generating electroluminescence in the UV and near-IR spectral ranges are summarized and systematized. Organic, organometallic and coordination compounds are considered. Comparative analysis of materials is performed, and the composition and operating characteristics of light-emitting diodes based on them and possible mechanisms of electroluminescence generation are discussed.The bibliography includes 173 references.