The possibility of depolymerizing dehydrogenated polyolefins containing double bonds in the chain using the ethenolysis reaction on Grubbs catalysts was studied. Commercial polyoctenamer was used as a model of the dehydrogenated polymer. It was shown that the first generation Grubbs catalyst and the Grubbs–Hoveyda catalyst effectively reduce the molecular weight of the polyoctenamer even at room temperature. An increase in temperature promotes both an increase in the ethenolysis rate and a decrease in the polymer molecular weight. In the presence of the Grubbs–Hoveyda catalyst at 45°C, it was possible to reduce the molecular weight of the polyoctenamer from 120 000 to 480 Da. It was established that the ethenolysis of specially prepared dehydrogenated polyethylene is primarily lead to the isomerization of terminal double bonds with their migration into the chain; effective depolymerization is hindered by the poor solubility of the polymer in the reaction medium.

In the process of coproduction of propylene oxide and styrene (PO/SM), a stream containing isomeric phenylethanols is fed to the dehydration stage. In this work, the contribution of acid sites of different nature and strength to the activity of aluminum oxide-based catalysts in the dehydration reaction of 1- and 2-phenylethanols occurring in the presence of excess water in the temperature range of 230-300°C is compared. It was found that over the entire studied temperature range: the rate of intramolecular dehydration of the primary alcohol is significantly lower than the rate of dehydration of the secondary alcohol; the dehydrating activity of the catalysts with respect to both alcohols is determined primarily by acid sites of the LAS I and LAS II types; the temperature of manifestation of the dehydrating activity of LAS III type sites with respect to the primary alcohol is ~50°C higher compared to the secondary alcohol. The type of kinetic equation for the target reaction is substantiated, the values ​​of the observed rate constants are calculated. It was found that for both alcohols the change in the pre-exponential factor is directly proportional to the change in the Arrhenius activation energy, while the observed activation energy of the dehydration reaction of the primary alcohol significantly exceeds the activation energy of the dehydration of the secondary alcohol.

Gas turbines are widely used in electric power plants all over the world to generate energy. High temperatures affect the gas turbine’s efficiency. When the air temperature around the gas turbine ranges from approximately 40‒50°C, the efficiency and output power will decrease, due to the decrease in air density mass. The study of gas turbines was conducted at the Al-Quds Gas Station in Baghdad, Iraq, a city known for hot summers. A combination of Turbine Air Intake Cooling Systems (TIACS) is typically used to help cool the inlet air of a gas turbine. This study investigates of fogging cooling system (upstream), a new cooling technology to cool the air entering the turbine resulting in improved gas turbine performance and increased turbine efficiency. The two main parts of the indirect technology are the use of pipeline heat exchangers that deliver the water to the nozzle and nanoparticles Nano-Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) to cool the water tank for heat exchange which cools the air entering the turbine. The results concluded the amount of efficiency produced increases when the water temperature in the pipe drops to 25°C and the air’s temperature upon entry the compressor is reduced by 12°C the water temperature for the sprinklers 25°C, the temperature value of the air entering the gas turbine decreased to 14°C by 1.68%.

A key feature in developing rubber compounds for mining equipment is the necessity to achieve a high level of frost resistance, wear resistance, and chemical resistance within a single material. Various methods for influencing the elastomer’s structure have been tested to comprehensively improve rubber properties—such as modifying them with nanofillers and applying a compositional principle, where two or more polymers are selected, one of which possesses high frost resistance, and the others possess chemical and wear resistance. The high potential of using high frost-resistant rubbers has been demonstrated: propylene oxide rubber (SKPO, Tg = –74°C) and epichlorohydrin rubber HYDRIN T6000 (ECO, Tg = –74°C), whose wear and chemical resistance can be significantly enhanced by introducing natural bentonites or carbon nanotubes. It has been shown that when modifying SKPO with bentonites in amounts of up to 3 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber), an exfoliated structure is formed, and the surface layer is enriched with bentonite, which leads to a significant improvement in surface properties. The introduction of multi-walled nanotubes into ECO in an amount of 1 phr results in an increase in modulus and tensile strength, a 40% reduction in wear, and a 43% increase in resistance in VMGZ oil. Rubbers based on SKPO and ECO possess a high level of low-temperature characteristics: the frost resistance coefficient (Kv) at –50°C ranges from 0.7 to 0.9. The compositional principle allows to gain the properties of each polymer component and develop new characteristics. The benefits of this approach are demonstrated using mixtures of SKPO and ultrafine polytetrafluoropolyethylene (UPTFE), BNKS-18, and BNKS-28 with UPTFE, and mixtures based on three rubbers: BNKS-18, SKI-3, SKD. The use of UPTFE in elastomeric compositions, which has a low coefficient of friction, imparts high wear resistance, oil resistance, and resistance to mine brines. The composition based on BNKS-18, SKI-3, and SKD incorporates common, mass-produced rubbers and possesses a balanced set of properties, including a sufficiently high level of low-temperature characteristics (Kv at –50°C = 0.5) and wear resistance. The study of the rubber’s climatic stability was conducted in Yakutsk under exposure to Talakan oil field petroleum. The results were compared with the dynamics of property changes in an industrial rubber based on BNKS-28 containing a plasticizer. In both cases, intensive leaching of the dibutyl phthalate plasticizer occurs, accompanied by an irreversible decrease in Kv. However, the frost resistance of the elastomeric composite based on rubber blends is higher because, in this case, frost resistance is provided by the polymer itself, not by an additive that is irreversibly lost during operation due to diffusion. Testing of the rubber in the settlement of Tiksi, with exposure to air, showed that the loss of plasticizer occurs at a slightly slower rate. The use of elastomeric composite based on rubber blends should be considered a priority method for creating rubbers for mining equipment, compared to the traditional introduction of large amounts of plasticizers.

Pyridinium chlorides were obtained in high yield by the reaction of substituted pyridines with benzyl chloride. The obtained compounds proved to be effective corrosion inhibitors for steel in mineralized aqueous media containing dissolved oxygen. The degree of protection is 94–98% at inhibitor dosages of 25–100 mg/L. The substances are highly soluble in water, making them promising for practical applications.

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has garnered significant attention due to its eco-friendliness, safety, and time efficiency. This study explores the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Hopea odorata (HO) and evaluates their antibacterial properties. The reaction conditions, silver ion concentration, ultrasound amplitude, and time, were optimized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, achieving nanoparticle synthesis in just 30 min. Comprehensive characterization revealed ultra-small HO-AgNPs with an average size of 2.8 nm, confirmed by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and zeta potential analyses. FTIR results suggested phenolic compounds in the extract act as stabilizing and reducing agents, while the highly negative zeta potential (–40.9 mV) indicated excellent stability. Antibacterial tests demonstrated strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the highest efficacy against P. aeruginosa. These findings highlight HO-AgNPs as promising ultra-small nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial potential.

New hybrid palladium catalysts on substrates of γ-aluminum oxide and hyperbranched polyaminoethylene carbonates of the second and third generations have been synthesized. The catalysts were synthesized in several stages, firstly modification of γ-aluminum oxide with dimethyl carbonate was carried out. In the second stage, hybrid composites were synthesized by reaction of modified γ-aluminum oxide with hyperbranched polyaminoethylene carbonates of the second and third generations. In the next stage, palladium complexes were obtained by reacting the hybrid composites with palladium chloride. The structures and spherical morphologies of the particles of the obtained compounds were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), confocal laser scanning (CLSM) and optical microscopy. The pore characteristics of the Pd(II) complexes were determined by nitrogen adsorption/desorption. Pd(II) palladium complexes reduced in hydrogen flow to Pd(0) nanoparticles were utilized in the selective hydrogenation reaction of α-methylstyrene to cumene. The hybrid palladium catalysts on second and third generation γ-aluminum oxide and hyperbranched polyaminoethylene carbonate substrates showed high catalytic activity with activation energies Ea = 45.2 and 46.3 kJ mol–1 in the temperature range from 43 to 73℃ and atmospheric pressure. The results indicate promising applications of the new hybrid catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Inhibiting mitosis is the most effective clinical technique for cancer treatment. In this investigation, copper-nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesized by electrochemical synthesis and analysed by UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV 1800 Shimadzu), a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR Affinity 1 Shimadzu), a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA 50 Thermoanalyzer Shimadzu), a high-end X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and transmission electron microscopy elected area electron diffraction (TEM-SAED) techniques. The calcinated copper nickel oxide nanoparticles were used successfully as a catalyst to synthesis of 2-(2-substituted-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-1,9-dihydro-purin-6-ones. The title compounds were characterized by melting point, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-HRMS/MS spectroscopy. Using Sulforhodamine B (SRB) test, all newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and angiogenesis activities. The compounds GB-6, GB-8, GB-10 exhibited significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activityin the range of IC50:179.65-194.59 μg/ml as compared with aceclofenac (IC50: 191.19 μg/mL) and the antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay the compounds GB-6 (IC50: 11.96 μg/mL), GB-8 (IC50:10.67 μg/mL) and GB-10 (IC50: 9.08 μg/mL) exhibited excellent radical scavenging activities compared to ascorbic acid (IC50:13.04 μg/mL) and by the KMnO4 radical scavenging assay the compounds GB-2 (IC50: 15.33 μg/mL), GB-4 (IC50: 23.60 μg/mL), GB-8 (IC50: 24.93 μg/mL), GB-10 (IC50: 24.96 μg/mL) exhibited good radical scavenging activities compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 26.55 μg/mL). Further development of anticancer drugs may be enabled by the discovery of related compounds to the anticancer agent, such as compound (GB-6), compound (GB-8), and compound (GB-10) as polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors.

In the present study, the adsorption capacities of natural activated clay (bentonite) and Na-form of heat-treated bentonite for copper and cobalt ions from sewage at 20–65°C temperature range were examined and compared. The modification of the natural clay was performed by treatment with hydrochloric acid and subsequent neutralization of the resultant solution by sodium hydroxide. The morphology and structural properties of Natural and Na-form of heat-treated bentonite were investigated by XRD, SEM, and FTIR. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of both natural and Na-form heat-treated bentonite at various temperatures were determined samples. XRD showed, there is the montmorillonite in studied bentonite and modified bentonite samples. SEM analysis indicated the montmorillonite is formed in format of large and small bowls and leaf shape in 2 samples. The study showed that increasing the temperature results in the increase of the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbents because swelling and dehydration are reduced. Also, the adsorption efficiency of bentonite samples for the Cu2+ ions was greater than Co2+ ions in all the examined solution concentration and temperatures. Na modified bentonite had higher equilibrium distribution coefficient, gross capacity values, and metal ion adsorption selectivity.

A series of novel epoxy : phenol polymer thermosets (P1–P3) are synthesized from the reaction of phenol containing triphenylamine (TPA)-azomethine and epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with n = 0.03. TPA linked azomethine-based phenol were synthesized by the acid catalyzed reaction of aromatic/aliphatic amine and 4,4'-diformyl triphenylamine. Which were characterized by elemental, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H NMR spectral analysis. The thermosetting polymers were characterized via FT-IR spectral analysis. The incorporation of TPA moiety in connection with azomethine linkage improved the processability of the resulting polymers, therefore, synthesized polymers are soluble in a variety of common organic solvents. Thermal features of P1–P3 were evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Aromatic TPA moiety in the thermosetting network has enhanced their thermal stability (upto 370°C) as compared to conventional epoxy : phenol thermosets. The photophysical properties of the thermosetting polymers were determined via UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectral analysis in NMP (10 μM) as well as in solid state. All the polymers were optically transparent and exhibit excellent blue light emission in the range 435–460 nm with PL quantum efficiency in the range 1.5–7.7. The mechanical stability of all the polymers was evaluated by tensile strength measurement. The above-mentioned characteristics indicate that the synthesized thermosetting polymers display appreciable thermal stability, efficient blue light emission and appreciable processability as well as good mechanical strength, which can be potential candidates as light emissive coatings and adhesives.