This study highlights climate-induced migration to be a driver of global inequality, disproportionately impacting the vulnerable regions of the Global south least responsible in the crises. Analysis of Bangladesh, Tuvalu, and the Sahel shows how environmental pressures like floods and desertification interact with socio-economic disparities, and historical injustices. This research finds that structural inequalities, and limited legal protection as 1951 Refugee Convention does not recognize “Climate migrants”, adds to the crisis. Critiquing the framing of migrants as threats, study recommends rights-based policies that promote mobility, and inclusion. It recommends integrating climate mobility within national adaptation plan, creating updated legal frameworks sensitive to local knowledge, and ensuring high-emitting nations provide financial and technological support. Finally, this study also touches upon the ethical responsibility which is crucial in designing future policies, being more attentive to shift from border patrolling and restricting the movement to cooperative, human-sensitive and rights-based solutions.

Africa recorded her first confirmed COVID-19 case in Egypt on 14 February, 2020. Thus far, the number of new confirmed cases and deaths increased despite the World Health Organization (WHO) protocols. The study aims at determining if the conceived and adopted protocols against COVID-19 and the post-COVID era in the infrastructural deficient societies of Africa and indeed Nigeria are sustainable. Empirical research design was adopted based on the data randomly drawn from a population who are residents of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Anambra, Lagos, Kano, Rivers States, States termed most vulnerable to infection in Nigeria. The sampling unit was based on a pilot study, using four hundred randomly selected adult residents who are literate in the sampled States using online structured questionnaire, supplemented by phone call - oral interviews, and other literature sourced from secondary sources. The primary data used for the study were obtained through the administration of questionnaires via online, and were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented in tables, graphs and charts. The Mean Weighted Value statistical analysis was carried out with the Gross Mean Weight Value (cut-off point) at 2.60. The study found that Unplanned, Uncoordinated and Unregulated Transport System, Epileptic Power Supply, Dominant Primary Economic Production, Unplanned Settlement, Corruption, Congested Settlement, Congested Market Places, Small Traders and Artisans sustenance on daily basis, Nigeria’s Mono-economy, Import Dependency and Shortage of Food militated against the COVID-19 control protocols and still subsists in post-COVID era. It therefore recommends massive infrastructural development in African countries for sustainability, diversify economic activities in order to create additional values to the socio-economic activities that will lead millions of Africans out of poverty, put in place and enforce sustainable hygiene protocols that will promote and guarantee good health and healthy environment of the societies in Africa.

This article aims to find out: how to protect float funds in payment system regulations in Indonesia and how to optimize the protection of float funds managed by non-bank institutions as issuers of electronic money in the context of mitigating bankruptcy risk. This research will examine arrangements related to float funds managed by non-bank institutions as issuers of electronic money, which have experienced significant growth in recent years in line with the increasing use of digital finance by the public as users. In fact, the growth of float funds managed by non-bank institutions was greater than that managed by banks, namely 69.95% of the total float funds as of June 2020. The significant increase in float funds was also influenced by the implementation of community social distancing as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic which has accelerated the use of digital finance by the public. However, float funds managed by these non-bank institutions do not yet have optimal protection for mitigating bankruptcy risk caused by the moral hazard of management (members of the board of directors and board of commissioners) and owners (controlling shareholders) of non-bank institutions as issuers of electronic money. So that the urgency of protecting float funds through regulatory reform should be a concern, namely the need for insurance protection for float funds, comprehensive fit and proper tests for prospective managers and controlling shareholders of non-bank institutions that issue electronic money, as well as regulations for the use of investment proceeds of float funds. This research is analytical descriptive research and uses a normative juridical approach by prioritizing secondary data analysis in the form of primary legal materials, namely laws and regulations; secondary legal materials both journals and results of previous research; and tertiary legal materials. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The conclusions from this study: (i) regulatory protection for float funds managed by non-bank institutions as issuers of electronic money to mitigate bankruptcy risk caused by the moral hazard of management and controlling shareholders has not been carried out optimally; (ii) concrete efforts are needed from the regulator to optimize the protection of float funds to mitigate the risk of default due to bankruptcy caused by the moral hazard of management and/or controlling shareholders, in the form of updating legal instruments in the form of insurance protection, a comprehensive fit and proper test process and regulation on the use of investment proceeds of float funds.

In the name of God and prayer and peace on the honorable creation of God our master Muhammad (r) and his family and companions and peace but after :
 The greatest thing that came from the Holy Quran, which occupied a large space is the Tales of the Quran. The prophets are the good example and the highest example that people follow in this life, and perhaps the most important of them is dealing with the other. Therefore, the Holy Quran tells us how the prophets dealt with people, so it dealt with this aspect because it represents the cornerstone that people need to lay each person a foundation for him in his dealings with people, and there must be a sound reference and a third role model, and they are the prophets. May God's prayers be upon them all, we take the lesson from them in their dealings with others.

The Restorative Justice House which is a follow-up to the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Office Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, where the establishment of this house aims to become a meeting place for victims, perpetrators in resolving criminal cases which also involve traditional leaders, the community and religion in exploring local wisdom values in order to complement the application of positive law in the implementation of termination of prosecution based on Perja Number 15 of 2020. This research is a socio legal research which has descriptive and analytical research characteristics. The urgency of establishing Rumah RJ is to explore local wisdom values contained in the community. Restorative justice is in harmony with the legal values that live in Indonesian society (living law) which is essentially based on the three main goals of life, namely the creation of peace in society, the realization of harmony in life and the maintenance of cosmic balance between people's lives and is an effort to preserve the legal culture of the Indonesian people. which prioritizes deliberation and consensus and the implementation of local wisdom values in resolving cases at Rumah RJ is currently only based on the settlement method, namely by using deliberation to reach consensus, but in this study the prosecution in Toba Samosir and Kajang has accommodated the values and local customary law, so that in this case the law and local wisdom values can be used as a complement in the implementation of positive law enforcement.

The present study addresses the Ottoman Empire and kingdom of Borno relationships in the 16th century, aiming at figuring out the nature of these relationships, its aspects, and impact on the future of the Sudan region. The study aims equally at denying the opinions saying that the existence of the Ottoman Empire was limited to the coastal areas, not far interior areas. This research paper relies on historical, descriptive, and analytical and comparative method by analyzing and describing documents then putting them in their historical and geographical context related to that period. It depends also on comparing historical sources upon their information and the accuracy of this information. 
 Methods used in this regard are archives as the first source for investigating the circumstances of bilateral relationships besides historical sources that co-existed with the events from all parts, in addition to the historical sources and specialized reference investigation and interpretation processes. The study concluded that the existence of the Ottoman Empire is a real extension in Sudan and that the kingdom of Borno wad dependent nominally to the Ottoman Empire. The latter had a civilizational role in the Sudan region. Ancient and modern Moroccan literature is unfair in describing the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and kingdom of Borno.

The production of vegetables in Colombia is of peasant economy in which it satisfies the domestic market being 75% of small production with about 3.0 hectares. In Boyacá, by 2020 vegetable production was 453,169 (ton) occupying 172.00 (ha), with a yield of 24.39 (ton / ha) (Sectoral figures, 2022), however, problems have been established in terms of the generation of new knowledge in topics related to innovation, technologies, business management and technological development, generating with this the increase of intermediaries to be able to access the national market, The associations taken for this study have presented drawbacks in business development, this research will be developed with a methodology of qualitative approach; where a non-experimental descriptive exploratory research design of cross-sectional cut will be implemented in focus groups, in which a Participatory Rural Innovation Model (IRP) will be applied, the information collection strategies will be deployed through the focus group, interviews and survey, as expected results the analysis of the dimensions is carried out in three topics such as marketing strategies, Innovation in products and packaging, business management with the purpose of identifying the weaknesses presented by the associations and intervening them in future research.

Due to big importance of the construction sector, and to achieve the goals of the estate policy in Algeria and the minimal balance between the parties of the construction projects, it is necessary to enact legal provisions and guarantees. In this context, the Algerian Legislator set the civil code, Law 95-07 on the insurance, and Law 11-04 on the estate promotion. Besides, He made the insurance compulsory on the civil liability in the sector of constriction through a set of laws that showed the provisions and the range of enforcement.
 This is what shall be discussed in this paper that sheds light on the provisions of insurance on the professional and decennial civil liabilities in the construction sector. Besides, it shows the control on the insurance activity to protect the interest of the insured and the benefiters of the insurance contract.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the function of law in the stages of economic development and to analyze community empowerment through the role of law. The research is normative-legal research, using the statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. Secondary Legal Materials are all publications on a law that are not official documents which include textbooks, legal dictionaries, legal journals, and research reports. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. The results of the research show that development in the economic field cannot work alone, but requires support from various parties, especially in the field of law. Law has a very central role in the success of a country's economic development, particularly in providing business and investment certainty, both at the central and regional levels. This will provide a huge opportunity for the central government in accelerating policies related to the economy in the regions because the regions are already stable in terms of the functioning of the legal function in the field of economic development. In relation to community empowerment, the function of law is as a driving force for development. In this case, the law as a tool to bring society in a more advanced direction will work dynamically following economic developments. Improvements in all sectors, starting from education, accessibility, action, institutions, business, income, environment, and life, and improving social relations in society will have a very big impact on economic growth in Indonesia.