Background. The biggest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is aging, contributing to impaired clearance of tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins, microglial senescence, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lipid dysregulation, and excitotoxicity. Objective. This review investigates how aging speeds up the pathophysiology of AD and evaluates emerging geroscience-based interventions targeting biological aging mechanisms to delay or prevent cognitive decline. Material and methods. A narrative review of the literature from 2015 to 2025 was conducted, integrating longitudinal studies, meta-analyses, and preclinical models that examine the aging — AD interface. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases were searched using specifi cally related keywords, such as ageing, AD, AD pathology, anti-aging strategies, and AD therapies. Results. From the initial search, more than 150 studies were excluded, and only 100 studies were selected for this review. After revision also duplicated 30 studies were removed. Ultimately, the review comprised seventy studies. Most of these studies discussed aging-related mechanisms — glymphatic dysfunction, APOE ε4-associated lipid transport impairment, BDNF depletion, and glutamate excitotoxicity, and anti-ageing strategies such as lifestyle interventions (e.g., physical activity, sleep optimization, cognitive engagement) and medical and biological therapies for AD. Conclusion. Targeting aging mechanisms offers a paradigm shift in AD prevention and treatment; however, multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to translate geroscience into clinical practice. The integration of lifestyle and pharmacological strategies may yield synergistic neuroprotective benefi ts. Future research should focus on integrated, multimodal interventions that combine lifestyle modification with pharmacological and biological therapies. Tailored approaches — based on genetic risk profi les (e.g., APOE status), comorbidities, and individual aging trajectories — may optimize clinical outcomes. To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of innovative treatments like senolytics, epigenetic modulators, and stem cell-based therapies in older populations, extensive, longitudinal clinical trials are also required. Developments in biological age biomarkers, machine learning, and systems biology have the potential to improve risk assessment and therapy customization.

Background. Vascular myelopathy (spinal cord infarct) remains a diagnostically challenging condition with a high risk of disability. The pathogenetic role of lipid metabolism disorders in this condition remains poorly understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate laboratory parameters of lipid metabolism and atherogenesis in patients with vascular myelopathy and to determine their possible relationship with the period of the disease and functional outcomes. Material and methods. A single-center comparative study included 177 patients divided into two groups: the main group included 77 patients with confi rmed spinal cord infarct, the comparison group included 100 patients with non-vascular myelopathies. All participants underwent comprehensive laboratory testing, including lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, HDL), lipoprotein(a) and adiponectin. Functional outcome at the end of the follow-up period was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale. Results . Patients in the main group showed a statistically signifi cant atherogenic profile: elevated triglycerides (1.66 [1.15; 2.54] vs 1.22 [0.90; 1.58] mmol/L, p < 0.0001), VLDL (0.94 [0.60; 1.50] vs 0.70 [0.47; 0.78] mmol/L, p < 0.0001) and lipoprotein(a) (0.48 [0.32; 0.60] vs 0.10 [0.05; 0.17] g/L, p < 0.0001), along with decreased HDL (1.32 ± 0.34 vs 1.54 ± 0.33 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) and adiponectin (1.63 [1.51; 1.87] vs 2.04 [1.93; 2.20] pg/mL, p < 0.0001). No statistically signifi cant differences in the studied parameters were found between subgroups with favorable and unfavorable functional outcomes, as well as in subgroups based on the duration of vascular myelopathy. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the presence of a pronounced atherogenic profile in patients with vascular myelopathy. Although a direct correlation between the identified changes and functional outcomes did not reach statistical signifi cance, the data obtained highlight the potential role of lipid disorders in the pathogenesis of spinal cord infarction. These results indicate the need to include an extended lipid profi le in the diagnostic algorithm of this patient’s category to improve diagnosis and secondary prevention approaches.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDAR-encephalitis) was first described as an immune-mediated disorder of behavior and cognitive functions in patients with ovarian teratoma. Subsequently, it was recognized as a separate type of autoimmune encephalitis with a characteristic clinical picture and the possibility of development in the absence of data on tumor formations. The course can have both monophase and recurrent variants with periods of improvement or stabilization of the condition and subsequent progression of the disease. The article presents a clinical observation of a patient with a relapse of the disease 2 years later. The diagnosis of anti-NMDAR-encephalitis was established based on the presence of antibodies to NMDA receptor epitopes in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid, both at the onset of the disease and during the relapse. According to foreign literature, the incidence of recurrent anti-NMDAR-encephalitis varies from 12% to 24%, depending on the study, which requires additional monitoring of patients with this diagnosis.

This is the fi rst clinical report of a patient with MuSK-myasthenia gravis combined with Bickerstaff ’s brainstem encephalitis and a pharyngo-cervico-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. There were observed previously unreported and rare symptoms in Bickerstaff ’s brainstem encephalitis: palinopsia, allesthesia, derealization, and depersonalization states; in the pharyngo-cervico-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, there was involvement of peripheral structures of the visual pathway and the peripheral autonomic nervous system. Manifestations of Bickerstaff ’s brainstem encephalitis included pronounced somnolence, pyramidal and cerebellar symptoms, and psychiatric disturbances; a notable feature was its development following a coronavirus infection and a relapsing course. The diagnosis of the pharyngo-cervico-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome was based on fi ndings such as hyporefl exia, results of electroneuromyography, elevated protein levels in cerebrospinal fl uid, and involvement of peripheral segments of the optic nerve and autonomic nervous system.

Tremor is the most common movement disorder, which is often observed in such neurological diseases as Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and interferes with household and professional tasks independently. The mechanical suppression of involuntary movements is the alternative way to drug treatment or surgical intervention, which are often insuffi ciently eff ective or even contraindicated. In this review there are presented diff erent medical devices that may be used as an addition to standard tremor’s therapy and can provide safe and eff ective suppression of tremor.

Introduction. The prevalence of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SOVA) in the general population is up to 0.09%, and among all congenital heart defects from 0.1 to 3.5%. One of the complications of this pathology is the development of cerebral embolism. Aim. To present a clinical case of ischemic stroke in a young patient with a rare cardiac pathology. Material and methods. The article presents a description of a clinical case of the development of ischemic stroke due to cerebral embolism from a thrombosed SOVA. A review of all published cases on the clinical significance of SOVA thrombosis in the development of stroke was conducted, and the PubMed database of medical and biological publications was analyzed. Results. A 19-years old patient without chronic diseases or bad habits was hospitalized at the vascular center for thrombectomy from the right middle cerebral artery. After successful reperfusion therapy, a diagnostic search was initiated. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed thrombosis of SOVA. During anticoagulant therapy, control transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated thrombus lysis. The patient underwent delayed resection of the SOVA. Conclusion. The study of the problem of embolic complications against the background of SOVA is low due to the extremely rare prevalence of this anomaly. Echocardiography is a key method for primary visualization of SOVA and its dynamic monitoring. There are no regulated tactics for managing patients with SOVA thrombosis.

Improving walking remains the most important goal of rehabilitation, and the effectiveness of previously proposed methods of practicing the motor skill requires further improvement.The aim of the work is to evaluate the results of walking training according to «the period of support» in the comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with central hemiparesis in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke, as well as to identify factors concomitant with gait improvement.Material and methods. 49 patients with central hemiparesis (mild and moderate in the foot) in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke were examined. The patients were randomized into the main group of 28 patients and the comparison group of 21 patients. The patients of the main group in addition to the standards of care were trained with visual biofeedback on the period of support. Functional testing, assessment of biomechanical indicators of walking and taking surface electromyograms from the thigh and lower leg muscles were performed twice. The training course consisted of 10 sessions of 15 [10;20] minutes each.Results. Training with the use of biofeedback in patients in the early recovery period of stroke was accompanied by improvement of walking as a daily activity and optimization of biomechanical indices of support period, step cycle length, double support, lateral deviation of the foot, as well as neurophysiological — EMG amplitude of EMG m.Quadriceps femoris.Conclusion. In patients with central hemiparesis in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke, walking training was accompanied by its improvement simultaneously with an increase in the dynamic component of balance.

Encephalomyelitis associated with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a rare inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.Purpose: to review domestic and foreign works examining the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and differential diagnosis of demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system; to present a clinical case of a patient with encephalomyelitis associated with antibodies to MOG.Results. The article describes the disease in a 24-year-old female patient with a primary diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Given the activity of the process and the ineffectiveness of the therapy, 5 years after the onset of the disease, antibodies to GOM were examined in the patient’s blood and found, a diagnosis of encephalomyelitis associated with antibodies to GOM was established, and therapy with rituximab was prescribed according to the scheme. Positive dynamics in the form of persistent remission of the disease was noted. The most important element of accurate diagnostics of GOM-IgG-associated diseases is the detection of pathogenic serum antibodies to GOM using specific and sensitive methods, preferably using optimized cellular analysis. Neuroimaging helps to conduct differential diagnostics with other neuroinflammatory diseases.Conclusion. MOG-demyelinating diseases are a pressing problem in modern neurology, requiring further study and development of effective diagnostic and treatment methods.

Motor impairment, bulbar palsy and respiratory insufficiency represent main presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The rate of symptom worsening reflects progression of the disease.The objective: to analyze the reliability of the Russian-language version of the “ALS Impairment Multi-Domain Scale” (AIMS).Material and methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 50 people with ALS. The reliability of the scale was analyzed, including internal consistency, retest and inter-expert reliability, and convergent validity in relation to ALS Functional Rating Scale — Revised (ALSFRS-R).Results. AIMS has demonstrated excellent internal consistency, high retest and inter-expert reliability, and convergent validity. Compared with the ALSFRS-R, AIMS had smaller ceiling and floor effects.Conclusion. The Russian-language version of AIMS is a reliable tool for the evaluation of severity of neurological deficit in patients with ALS and for the assessment of the disease progression rate.