Indigenous peoples around the world are essentially dependent on the environment and natural resources for their everyday survival as a result of their livelihood strategies. In India, various indigenous peoples live close to the vicinity of forests and have managed and conserved the biodiversity of their localities for a long time. In this study, the conservation of biodiversity and natural resource by the indigenous communities through their traditional belief systems, animism, and conservation of sacred groves have been analysed and a way forward has been suggested.

The undesirable enormous wastes created as a result of overgrowing population of this planet is increasing rapidly in the surface of soil causing pollution and affects the environment remarkably.These kinds of pollution significantly affect the various life forms.The biodegradable wastes may be used for the production of vermicompost to utilize it for the growth and development of plants.Such kind of organic fertilizers can be used effectively in both rural and urban areas.Vermicomposting is the useful to convert the biodegradable wastes to nutrient rich organic manure with the help of microorganisms and earthworms.Various species of earthworms and microorganisms plays important roles for the improvement of soil.The increasing use of inorganic fertilizer along with pesticides, insecticides etc. affect the environment adversely and also destroy the inherent properties of soil.The application of inorganic fertilizers for long time reduces the fertility of soil and is detrimental for future.Therefore, the use of these kinds of harmful substances should be reduced.Vermicompost made from biodegradable wastes in association with earthworms, microbes etc. provides essential nutrients for the plants.The article emphasized the exploitation of enormous biodegradable wastes to produce vermicompost considering various aspects of it like concept of vermicomposting, requirements, methods of production, process and dose of application, nutrients available in the vermicompost, advantages and disadvantages and precautions during vermicomposting.

The immune system developed certain mechanisms to control overreaction.The negative regulators of immune system are necessary for maintaining peripheral tolerance and inhibiting autoimmune diseases.Important immune checkpoint molecules of T cell are cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4(CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) etc.They exhibit their function by reducing tumor response and limiting T cell activity and proliferation.CTLA-4 and PD-1 have distinct mechanisms to inhibit immune and antitumor responses.They act in different stages of immune response.Cancer specific T cell shows coexpression of checkpoint receptors.Recent immunotherapy uses immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies to block these checkpoint receptors for treatment of cancer.Ipilimumab, human monoclonal antibody blocking CTLA-4, was approved in 2011 for treatment of melanoma.Later other antibodies were developed to block PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and PDL-1, ligand of PD-1, (atezolizumab, durvalumab).After receiving several preclinical and clinical experimental successes, it was found that combination therapy of specific monoclonal antibodies with specific drugs or vaccines and combination of multiple immune checkpoint blockade are more effective than monotherapy for treatment of several cancers.Blockade of multiple checkpoint receptors leads to improved immune function against cancer.

The periphyton is valuable as natural indicator of contamination, as there most parts are sessile and consequently cannot keep away from contact with the waste effluents.The present study was made to understand seasonal variation of diversity and density in the large riverine ecosystem, the River Ganga.A total of 73 genera of phytoplankton, belonging to 10 classes and 6 phyla were recorded during the study.The Diatoms and Cholophyceae were found dominant during winter (2.29998 x 10 5 unit/cm 2 and 1.8433x 10 4 unit/cm 2 ), while the Cyanophyta and the highest density was observed during Monsoon (1.17135x 10 5 unit/cm 2 ) months.

This study is an attempt to identify psychological characteristics of the typical scientist. It is a review of fairly recent researches. From the review it appears that, in general, scientists have high intelligence and visuospatial abilities, are critical thinkers, creative, objective in approach, curious and motivated, introverted in social interactions and unconventional. This study will help in identification and nurture of scientists of the future.