Regulation of drug availability is one of the most important areas of state policy in the pharmaceutical market. The use of various methods of price regulation allows achieving the desired socio-economic results, but the complexity of the processes taking place in the pharmaceutical market and in the state necessitates the constant revision of existing approaches and measures. The aim: to conduct an analysis of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the state of development of healthcare systems in countries that are reference for the domestic pharmaceutical market. Materials and methods. General theoretical (historical, formal, graphical, hypothetical-deductive, etc.) and applied (organizational-economic, mathematical-statistical, etc.) research methods were used. The subject of the research was the World Bank health indicators, which are integrated with WHO data, and data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for reference countries (Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria) and in Ukraine. Results. It was found that for the vast majority of indicators characterizing the state of health care financing, domestic indicators significantly differed from the average values for the group of reference countries. For indicators of domestic health care expenditures (four indicators), domestic data had critically low values (52.12% –% in current healthcare spending, expenditures per capita, including at purchasing power parity of the population – $ 192.81 and $ 570.60, respectively). Only for the indicator of domestic public health care expenditures as a% of general government expenditures, Ukrainian indicators (10.56%) were within the fluctuation range of the corresponding data for the group of reference countries. A comparative analysis of current healthcare expenditures (3 indicators) showed that out of the three indicators, the values of two in Ukraine were close to the minimum values in the group of reference countries. These are current healthcare expenditures per capita, including at purchasing power parity. In Ukraine, the values of these indicators were $369.90 and $1095.06, which were 3.72 and 2.49 times lower than the average values for the group of reference countries. According to the indicators characterizing the participation of private capital and citizens in healthcare expenditures (5 indicators), it was established that per capita private expenditures in Ukraine were $177.10, which was 1.88 times lower than the average for the group of reference countries ($332.58). In terms of private and out-of-pocket expenditures as a% of current healthcare expenditures, domestic data had the highest values compared to reference countries. Thus, private and out-of-pocket expenditures in Ukraine were 1.76 and 1.88 times higher than the average values for reference countries (27.07% and 24.04%, respectively). Domestic out-of-pocket expenditures calculated per capita ($167.54) and at purchasing power parity ($ 495.88) were 44,49% and 17,51% lower than the corresponding average values for the group of reference countries ($301.82 and $ 601.10, respectively). It was found that within the group of reference countries, the drug consumption index varied. This index ranged from $523.0 (Poland) to $883.0 (Bulgaria). The average consumption value in Ukraine for 2021-2023 was ($112.33), which was 5.79 times less than the corresponding data for the group of reference countries. In addition, in the group of reference countries, there are fundamental differences in the structure of population spending on medicines by funding sources (state, private revenues, and health insurance funds). Conclusions. Significant differences in macroeconomic indicators characterizing the state of healthcare financing in the reference countries and in Ukraine have been identified. This necessitates further research on the topic and a review of the group of reference countries used in the domestic pharmaceutical market to regulate the socio-economic accessibility of medicines for the population

Coriandrum sativum L. and Carum carvi L. of the Apiaceae family are among the most cultivated plants, as they have been used for a long time as spices and essential oil (EO) bearing plants. The aim. The aim from of this work is to examine the composition of EOs from commercial samples of C. sativum originating from 6 countries and C. carvi EOs from 2 countries, to establish the variability of the content of their components and to identify possible chemotypes of this species. Materials and methods. The EOs were hydrodistilled from the dried fruits of C. carvi and C. sativum, and their chemical composition was determined using GC/MS. Samples were obtained from retail pharmacies in 6 different countries. Research results. In the samples of coriander EOs, 50 compounds were detected. The dominant group of compounds is acyclic monoterpenoids, ranging from 67.3% (Turkey) to 84.2% (Czech Republic). The dominant component is linalool (61.6% – 77.9%). According to the content of the dominant major and minor components, it has been established for the first time that the studied samples of linalool-chemotypes can be divided into several sub-chemotypes. It has been noted for the first time that phenolic monoterpenoids were found in samples from subtropical and tropical countries. There is a strong negative correlation between the content of linalool and α-pinene (-0.891); linalool and γ-terpinene (-0.895). In the samples of C. carvi EOs, 28 compounds were detected. Both studied samples of caraway fruits contain the maximum amount of carvone (54.6% – 66.8%), followed by the content of limonene (19.9% – 30.1%). The EO of the caraway studied samples consists almost entirely of monocyclic monoterpenoids. Conclusions. The results of our study of coriander fruits essential oil from six countries allowed us to establish its linalool chemotype, which is divided into five subtypes depending on the secondary compounds, that is novelty for research on possible chemotypes of coriander fruit essential oil. The studied samples of coriander fruits EO do not fully comply with the requirements of the ISO 3516:1997 standard; the content of linalool (Turkey) is slightly below the lower limit in accordance with the requirements. The studied samples of caraway EO slightly exceed the limits of the content of the dominant component carvone (Georgia) and contain significantly less limonene (India) in accordance with the requirements of the ISO 8896-2016 standard

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder that involves more than just glucose imbalance. Protein glycation, and epigenetic dysregulation—particularly aberrant DNA methylation—play critical roles in the onset and progression of the disease. However, current therapies remain limited in directly targeting these underlying molecular mechanisms. The aim. This study investigated a zinc-monocysteine complex (ZMC) as a potential multi-target therapeutic candidate for T2D, exploring its novel application in modulating protein glycation and DNA methylation events. Materials and methods. The structural integrity of ZMC was confirmed through NMR, FT-IR, UV-visible, CHN analysis, and powder XRD techniques. In vitro assays compared ZMC and unbound L-cysteine (CYS) for their abilities to inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and preserved protein secondary structure under glycation stress, using BSA-glucose and methylglyoxal (MGO) model systems. To support potential epigenetic modulation, molecular docking studies were conducted to evaluate the interaction of ZMC with DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. Live-cell imaging was performed on C2C12 and HEK293T cells to assess changes in methylation-associated signals following ZMC treatment. Results. ZMC was defined structurally as a 1:1 amorphous cyclic salt. It outperformed CYS in inhibiting AGE formation at 5 mM (BSA-glucose) and 1 mM (BSA-MGO). It also better preserved protein secondary structure at 5 mM (BSA-glucose) and 10 mM (BSA-MGO). Although docking suggested limited affinity for DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1: -5.1 kcal/mol) , live-cell imaging indicated reduced methylation-associated signals in especially in C2C12 cells following treatment. Conclusion. Together, ZMC demonstrates multi-target potential in addressing key metabolic and epigenetic factors involved in T2D. Its protective effects are primarily attributed to metabolic regulation. These findings support the continued development of ZMC as a promising scaffold for future T2D therapeutics

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, associated with complications driven by molecular alterations such as excessive protein glycation and abnormal DNA methylation. These processes contribute to the progression of metabolic and epigenetic dysfunctions characteristic of T2DM. The aim. This study aimed to synthesize a zinc–quercetin complex (ZQC) and evaluate its in vitro biological activities, particularly its potential to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and modulate DNA methylation levels. Materials and methods. ZQC was synthesized and tested for antiglycation activity using BSA–methylglyoxal and BSA–glucose model systems. DNA methylation levels were assessed via cell imaging in HEK293T and C2C12 cells using an oxazole yellow-based fluorescent probe. Molecular docking was performed to assess the interaction of ZQC with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Results. ZQC exhibited dose-dependent antiglycation effects, with significantly reduced fluorescence intensity compared to untreated and quercetin-treated groups, suggesting potent inhibition of AGE formation. In DNA methylation assays, ZQC more effectively reduced methylation levels than free quercetin. Molecular docking showed a stronger binding affinity of ZQC (–11 kcal/mol) to DNMT1 compared to quercetin alone (–8.1 kcal/mol), indicating the potential for enhanced inhibitory activity. Conclusion. The zinc–quercetin complex demonstrated superior antiglycation and epigenetic-modulating effects relative to free quercetin. These findings support the potential of ZQC as a candidate for therapeutic intervention in glycation-associated and epigenetically driven complications of T2DM

Considering modern approaches to the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, as well as the experience of active involvement of pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals, it is relevant to determine the professional role of a pharmacist in teams providing medical and social care to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim: to analyze the state of pharmaceutical care (PC) provision to Ukrainian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and methods. The study is based on scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers on this problem, regulatory documents on the provision of medical care to patients with MS and the results of a sociological survey of patients diagnosed with MS. The study used methods of scientific information search, narrative approach, generalization, survey, statistical analysis, and others. Results. The pharmaceutical component of the medical care process was determined and a list of drugs used in the complex therapy of MS was determined: H02AB - glucocorticoids, L01BB - structural purine analogues, L01FA - CD 20 inhibitors, L03AB - interferons, L04AA - selective immunosuppressants, L04AG - monoclonal antibodies, L04AX - other immunosuppressants. The analysis of the availability of DMT drugs showed that only 75 % of the recommended drugs are physically available in Ukraine, with drugs with lower efficacy prevailing. The low availability of highly effective drugs (drugs) of the 3rd category for Ukrainian patients with MS is due to the lack of state funding for their purchase, which makes treatment with such drugs financially burdensome for patients. The survey found that 64.5 % of patients would like to receive additional support from pharmacists. Possible elements of pharmaceutical care that are important for patients with MS were identified, such as counselling, coordination with public organizations, explanation of new treatment options, and symptom monitoring. When assessing patients' adherence to PC, factors such as age, gender, location, displaced status, work restrictions, or time since diagnosis did not significantly influence patients' positive attitudes. Furthermore, these factors did not influence patients' preferences for preferred pharmacist interaction format (face-to-face, mixed, or telepharmacy). Conclusions: There is a need to expand the availability and update the registration of drugs for the treatment of MS. Patients with MS have a positive attitude towards pharmaceutical care, but need more awareness of its possibilities. Social status affects the perception of the need for pharmaceutical care and the choice of the format of its provision

Anaemia refers to the common blood disorder that affects around one-third of the world's population. Infection risk is raised due to a lack of knowledge about anaemia. The aim of the study: The aim of the study is to examine patient knowledge, attitude, practice, and prescription trends regarding anaemia among patients. Also, to identify a correlation between haemoglobin levels and KAP score among patients. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in 133 in-patients admitted to SVIMS Hospital, General Medicine department diagnosed with anaemia for 6 months. Patient data were gathered through a review of their medical case records to evaluate prescribing patterns, while a structured and validated questionnaire was used to conduct face-to-face interviews with the patients, aiming to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding anaemia. Results: Males comprised 38 (29%) and females 95 (71%). For microcytic hypochromic anaemia, Tablet. Ferrous fumarate with tablet folic acid and Inj. Eldervit were prescribed 64 times. Vitamins and folic acid (23 prescriptions). KAP scores were linked to haemoglobin. Hb levels were inversely connected with patients' knowledge scores (p < 0.05). Highly conclusive, patients' attitude assessments and Hb levels were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Practice score and Hb levels correlated positively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to this study, anaemic individuals' medicine prescription behaviours should be monitored. Anaemia awareness should be enhanced

The aim of the work: research on the development and standardization of an aqueous extract of the aerial part of Lespedeza bicolor and the study of pharmacotechnological parameters of a gel with the extract and mangiferin. Materials and methods: in the studies on obtaining an aqueous extract, the aerial part of Lespedeza bicolor, harvested in the Botanical Garden of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Lviv, Ukraine) in the flowering phase, was used. Identification and quantitative content of biologically active compounds in the experimental samples of the extracts were carried out by chemical reactions, thin-layer chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained were used to standardize the selected aqueous extract of Lespedeza (AEL). In the development of the gel, AEL, mangiferin (China, X’ian Pincredit Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. QC004) and excipients of domestic and foreign production were used. The studies used physicochemical (pH value) and pharmacotechnological research methods (thermo- and colloidal stability, dispersion analysis, dialysis method through a semipermeable membrane). Results. The conditions for obtaining AEL were experimentally substantiated. It was shown that the use of three-stage remaceration with infusion for 60 minutes at a temperature of 90-100 ºC ensures maximum extraction of polyphenolic compounds. The TLC method identified the presence of rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, tannins and substances of polysaccharide structure in the extract. Methods for quantitative determination of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids by absorption spectrophotometry were developed. Based on the results of microscopic analysis, study of the osmotic activity of the base and the dynamics of mangiferin release, the composition of a dermatological gel was proposed, containing AEL, mangiferin, PEO-400, ethanol 96 %, corn oil, tween 80, carbopol, trometamol, purified water. Conclusions. The conditions for obtaining and standardizing the aqueous extract of Lespedeza bicolor were substantiated. The composition of the gel with mangiferin and AEL was proposed. It was shown that the introduction of 20 % PEO-400, 10 % ethanol 96 % and 1 % tween-80 into the gel base ensures its absorption capacity and increases the rate of mangiferin release

The aim. The study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the anticancer activity of a series of 2-chloro- and 2,2-dichloroacetamides bearing thiazole scaffolds. Particular attention was paid to their cytotoxic effects, chemical properties, and action mechanisms, with a focus on glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition as a potential pathway for anticancer activity. Materials and methods. The compounds were synthesized using acylation reactions and characterized via 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as LC-MS. Their cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay across cancer and pseudo-normal cell lines. Quantum-chemical calculations were performed using DFT, while molecular docking studies analyzed interactions with GST to explore their interaction. Results. Among the synthesized derivatives, 2-chloroacetamides exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human acute T cell leukemia (Jurkat) and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines, as well as Ba/F3 cells with calreticulin mutations. In contrast, 2,2-dichloroacetamides showed negligible activity across all tested cell lines. Quantum-chemical analysis indicated that structural and electronic differences between these two compound classes likely influence their bioactivity. Molecular docking studies revealed higher binding affinities of glutathione-2-chloroacetamide conjugates to GST, compared to the reference glutathione-etacrynic acid complex, suggesting GST inhibition as a potential mechanism underlying their anticancer effects. Conclusions. The synthesized 2-chloroacetamides demonstrate promising potential as anticancer agents, likely due to their ability to form inhibitory conjugates with glutathione, thereby affecting GST activity. These findings underline the importance of further studies to optimize these compounds for therapeutic use

Nimesulide is a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), but it is poorly soluble in water, which makes its bioavailability relatively low. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of different molecular weights on the phase solubility of nimesulide and to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters of the obtained complexes in order to determine the optimal polymer for further development of a solid dispersed system (SDS) of nimesulide and to study its physicochemical properties, which lead to an improvement in the solubility of API in the composition of the obtained composite material. Materials and methods. The dependence of the nimesulide dissolution profile in water on the concentration of PVP of different molecular weights was studied by the Higuchi and Connors method. SDS was prepared by the «green» method of solvent evaporation and were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and were evaluated for dissolution profiles. Research results. The influence of PVP of different molecular weights on the phase solubility of nimesulide was studied, and it was found that the best increase in solubility in water was observed in the system with PVP K-25 – 5.27 times. Thermodynamic parameters of this composition were also investigated. The FTIR results indicate that the formation of complexes between the API and the polymer is predominantly due to hydrogen bonds. DSC and PXRD showed that nimesulide is present in SDS in an amorphous form. The results of the in vitro release kinetics study showed that the release rate of nimesulide from the formed SDS was higher than the dissolution rate of the comparison drug. Conclusions. A solid dispersed system prepared by the «green» method of solvent evaporation using PVP K-25 as a carrier can be used as a good strategy for formulating effective anti-inflammatory drugs of nimesulide with increased bioavailability

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the CO2 extract obtained from the underground part of Ferula asafoetida L., a plant widely used in traditional Kazakhstani medicine, with a particular focus on the amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Materials and methods. The plant material was collected in accordance with current Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) guidelines and underwent thorough pre-processing. A subcritical CO2 extraction method was applied to preserve thermolabile and volatile components while minimizing solvent residues. Chemical analysis was performed using GC-MS, and the amino acid and fatty acid profiles were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) based on standardized methods. Results. The resulting CO₂ extract had a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (90.2 %), primarily oleic acid (46.1 %) and linoleic acid (43.0 %), along with a complete set of 20 amino acids, including 25.92 % essential amino acids. The major bioactive compounds identified were 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (18.61 %) and ethyl oleate (13.18 %), which have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest the extract’s suitability for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Conclusions. Although the extract shows promising potential for pharmaceutical applications, further verification through comprehensive pharmacological studies is necessary