Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are bacteria that play a crucial role in periodontitis. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins; compounds which are expected to inhibit biofilm formation with minimal side effects. Objectives: To determine the secondary metabolite compounds present in H. sabdariffa L. and its effect on multispecies biofilms formation consisted of P. gingivalis and T. denticola. Methods: This study used H. sabdariffa L. calyx extract with concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.5625%. The positive control used in this study was 0.2% chlorhexidine, and the negative control was brain heart infusion broth. The bacterial biofilm was grown for 1, 6, and 24 hours. Results: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. 1.5625% extracted in a 1-h incubation period, 6.25% extracted in a 6-h incubation period, and 3.25% extracted in a 24-h incubation period are more effective than chlorhexidine 0.2% in inhibiting multispecies P. gingivalis and T. denticola biofilms (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx extract significantly inhibits multispecies P. gingivalis and T. denticola biofilm with the most effective concentration at 100% at 1-h, 6-h, and 24-h incubation periods. Future studies are needed to test the toxicity of H. sabdariffa L. on cells in the oral cavity.

Background: Erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP) causes pain, burning sensation, swelling, and bleeding and can affect the quality of life because of pain and discomfort. Here, we report a case of EOLP in an elderly patient, which decreased the quality of life, and a comprehensive management of the case. Case Report: A 75-year-old woman was referred to the Oral Medicine Department of Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, with oral discomfort. She complained of pain during meals for 1 year, which results in weight loss. The patient admitted to the hospital because of psychological stress and hypertension. The clinical examination of the right buccal mucosa showed reticular plaque, and erosive and erythema lesions on the left buccal mucosa and soft palate. The patient was diagnosed with EOLP and treated with a topical corticosteroid and multivitamin, and also was treated for the management of stress. Conclusion: EOLP treatment in the elderly patients has its own challenges, because of chronic disease, affects the quality of life, and requires long-term therapy. Treatment must be comprehensive and must pay attention to the systemic and psychological condition of the patient.

Background: Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital developmental deformities found worldwide. Children with oral clefts have a range of functional and esthetic complications. Hence, the successful management of children born with oral clefts requires coordinated care provided by several specialties. Knowledge of oral health-related quality of life improves treatment quality as children with oral clefts require multidisciplinary care aiming at a satisfactory quality of life. Objectives: In this study, the aim was to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life of children with oral clefts aged two to six years who had undergone surgical treatment using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (Tamil version). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for parents with children born with cleft lip and cleft palate, who had undergone treatment at a Tertiary Care Centre, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. A sample of 60 parents was selected, and the oral health-related quality of life of their children was assessed by applying the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale questionnaire in Tamil language. Results: Comparison of the three groups i.e., cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip and cleft palate, respectively, revealed no significant difference (P = 0.290) regarding the mean scores. Conclusion: Oral clefts and their treatment can negatively impact the quality of life of young children and their families, irrespective of the type of clefts. Therefore, the assessment of these influences can help clinicians and researchers improve the overall oral health outcomes of young children.

Background: Single-tooth replacement in the esthetic zone with a dental implant remains a challenge for clinicians. One challenge is the difficulty of creating a natural tissue profile in the cervical of the implant restoration. In a healed edentulous ridge, multiple surgeries along with hard- and soft-tissue augmentation will be required to gain sufficient tissue volume, thus significantly increasing the patient morbidity. Immediate implant placement, combined with a customized healing abutment, can potentially overcome these difficulties. Case Report: This case report describes the treatment of a patient with a subgingival fracture of the upper central incisor with an implant placement immediately after tooth extraction, xenograft gap filling, and nonfunctional provisional restoration to seal the extraction socket. The incisor had previously undergone root canal treatment and had been restored using a fiber post and ceramic crown. Conclusions: The use of the immediate implant placement with a nonfunctional provisional restoration (immediate implant placement and immediate provisionalization) technique preserves the tissue profile and volume during the implant healing period. This provides the clinician with a natural soft-tissue profile for implant restoration, without the need for an additional surgery.

Background: With negative side effects of a lengthy healing time and high complication rate, cleft palate surgery is employed to treat cleft palate, which is a common congenital anomaly. Honey is believed to help accelerate wound healing post-treatment. However, its effect on the increase in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression after palate surgery is unclear. Objective: This study investigates the effect of forest honey on TGF-β1 protein expression levels in the wound healing palate model. Methods: This study evaluates the TGF-β1 protein expression of a palatoplasty wound model using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For this purpose, a punch biopsy model with 30 Sprague-Dawley rats is treated with forest honey (TG), Aloclair Gel (PC), and distilled water (NC) for 3 days. Analysis of the TGF-β1 expression on day 4 is performed by statistical one-way analysis of variance and post hoc least significance difference, with a 0.05 significant P-value. Online website software helped to predict the effect of honey components on the TGF-β1 expression. Results: Protein levels of treatment group (T), negative control (NC), and positive control (PC) exhibit mean levels of 16.13 ± 1.06883 ng/L, 7.36 ± 0.16543 ng/L, and 15.03 ± 0.34221 ng/L, respectively. The differential expression T group exhibits a 2.19-fold change in TGF-β1 relative to the NC group and a 1.07-fold change in the PC group (P-value of 0.01). TGF expression in the PC group increases in comparison to that in the NC group by 2.04-fold (P-value of 0.01). In-silico analysis revealed that genistein promotes macrophage proliferation and activation via the increase in the TGF-β1 expression. Conclusion: In summary, forest honey can boost the TGF protein expression via genistein to increase macrophage proliferation and activation.

Background: The conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) cannot be employed in clinical scenarios with trismus. In addition, it is a blind procedure, so failure to follow the ideal anatomical landmarks and improper positioning of the needle may result in anesthesia failure. This study evaluated whether the Vazirani–Akinosi (VA) and Gow-Gates (GG) techniques for mandibular anesthesia have superior outcomes in the form of fewer positive aspirations and rapid onset of action, as well as better anesthetic attainment. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy and associated complications of a conventional IANB compared to the VA and GG techniques. Method: The study involved 300 patients divided randomly into three groups of 100 patients each. Group I received mandibular anesthesia through the GG technique, Group II received mandibular anesthesia through the VA technique, and Group III received mandibular anesthesia through a conventional IANB. The onset of action, incidence of positive aspiration, and success of the anesthetic technique were assessed in all patients. Result: The Group II patients showed superior anesthetic success (97%) that was significantly different from the results of Groups I and III (P = 0.0241). The mean value of the onset of anesthesia was longer in Group I than in the other two groups. A significant difference was seen between the GG and VA techniques (P = 0.0001*) and between the GG and conventional IANB techniques (P = 0.0001*). Conclusion: The VA technique is considerably superior to either the GG or the conventional IANB techniques in terms of the onset of action and anesthesia success. Positive aspirations are encountered relatively more frequently with the conventional IANB technique.

Background: Tea ranks first as the most-enjoyed beverage worldwide. Nevertheless, tea is rich in fluoride due to its uptake and storage from the soil by tea plants. Moreover, limited information is available regarding the fluoride content of Malaysian teas. Objective: This study aims to quantify the amount of fluoride present in teas available in the Malaysian market. Methods: An exploratory research was conducted on commercially available infusion teas from Peninsular Malaysia between November 2016 and December 2017. The fluoride content of 106 tea samples from three groups, viz., black, green, and other tea types, respectively, was measured using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test. Results: All of the tea leaf samples contained fluoride content between 0.01 and 1.08 mg/L. Black, green, and red tea exhibited significantly different contents of fluoride (P = 0.028). Conclusion: Significant amounts of fluoride were present in teas found in Malaysian markets. Our study provides Malaysian consumers key information regarding the amount of fluoride present in their teas.

Age estimation is a fundamental part in forensic, criminal, legal, and anthropological investigations. The biomolecular analysis is considered to have a good capability in estimating age because it can describe a person's biological age. According to previous studies, DNA methylation has the best effectiveness for estimating biological age, compared to other biomolecular analysis. Although DNA methylation is influenced by a number of factors such as heredity, environment, lifestyle and systemic diseases, DNA methylation still has accuracy that accountable to estimate age. A literature review search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO was conducted to get all studies that published before February 2020. The review was then performed on 22 papers that selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The purpose of this reviewed paper was to identify all gene markers that have been used to estimate age using DNA methylation analysis; and to find out the subject, age range, tissue taken for DNA methylation analysis, and the effectiveness of the analysis.

Background: Amlodipine is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina. Gingival hyperplasia (GH) is an unwanted side effect associated with this therapy. It causes unsatisfactory esthetics, difficulty in maintaining good oral hygiene, abnormal tooth movement, and difficulty in mastication. GH can be managed by nonsurgical therapy alone or using a combination of nonsurgical and surgical therapy. Case Report: A 55-year-old female patient came to the clinical department of periodontology, University Hospital of Rabat, with a chief complaint of gingival enlargement. It was diagnosed and initially managed by nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Drug substitution and surgical intervention were executed. Regular supportive periodontal therapy showed a good and stable outcome over 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Amlodipine-induced GH can be managed using periodontal procedures combined with good oral hygiene and regular supportive periodontal therapy.

Background: Endodontic irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution using single side-vented and double side-vented needles is commonly used. Surfactant is added to reduce high surface tension of the NaOCl solution. Apical vapor lock, or air entrapment inside closed-end root canal system, lowers the efficacy of irrigants. Thus, the irrigants are hindered in penetrating the root canal system and can lead to risk of reinfection. Objective: The objective is to analyze the difference of 5.25% NaOCl solution with and without surfactant using two types of irrigation needle in the formation of apical vapor lock. Methods: Forty lower premolars were prepared and randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) then irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl solution with and without surfactant using a single side-vented or double side-vented needle. Contrast medium was added so that the measurement of the apical vapor lock could be performed using a digital radiograph. Analysis was done with two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey method. Results: 5.25% NaOCl solution with a single side-vented needle showed a significant difference from 5.25% NaOCl solution with a double side-vented needle. 5.25% NaOCl solution with a surfactant using a single side-vented needle showed a significant difference from 5.25% NaOCl solution using a double side-vented needle, likewise NaOCl 5.25% using double side-vented needle group from NaOCl 5.25% with surfactant using single side-vented needle group. Conclusion: Minimal formation of an apical vapor lock resulted from the use of 5.25% NaOCl solution with a surfactant using a single side-vented needle.