The widespread adoption of virtual residency interviews in response to the COVID-19 pandemic led to an explosion in literature comparing the pros and cons of virtual and in-person interviews, but also led to an explosion in already-high residency application and interview volumes. While virtual interviews were substantially cheaper for all involved, there is fear that applicants and programs cannot judge one another as well as during in-person interviews. Likewise, increases in application volumes have made holistic application review more challenging for program directors, but the recent rise in "preference signaling" seems to be an optimal solution to that issue. 2020 also saw increased awareness of systemic inequities in the United States, and medical education and residency recruitment was not immune from scrutiny. Finally, the rise of artificial intelligence could again fundamentally change the resident selection process. It is imperative that the GME community continues to adapt to a changing world.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) commonly arises in the context of injury, trauma, or litigation and poses distinctive medicolegal challenges. This review outlines how positive clinical signs and contemporary neurobiological models support FND as a robust diagnosis, while distinguishing it from factitious disorder and malingering. We discuss approaches to assessing authenticity of reported disability, the role and limitations of symptom and performance validity tests, and the pitfalls of equating inconsistency with deception. We then consider causation within common legal frameworks using a predisposing-precipitating-perpetuating model to analyze the contribution of index events, background vulnerabilities, and the litigation process itself. Finally, we summarize current evidence on treatment and prognosis, highlighting the limits of prediction and the need to offer courts transparent, probabilistic opinions on long-term outcome and care needs. Our aim is to support clinicians in providing balanced, clinically grounded expert evidence for patients with FND.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming clinical practice, necessitating that neurology educators prepare trainees for this shift. This review outlines how AI tools are currently being trialed for integration into clinical care and demonstrates potential applications within neurology education. We highlight practical models for curriculum development from other specialties and underscore the need for structured, competency-driven approaches. Ultimately, integrating AI education into neurology training is essential to equip future clinicians for a healthcare system increasingly shaped by AI.

Tremor is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that consists of rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part. It may be present at birth or develop later during childhood. Pediatric tremor may be an isolated disorder or a sign of an underlying genetic and/or neurologic disease. This review provides a summary of the features and classification of pediatric tremors, recommended clinical evaluation, and currently available treatments.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) most commonly affects females. As such, there is biological evidence that sex differences contribute to the onset and development of this disorder. Gender can also impact FND. In this article, we will address some important considerations for FND, including the history of sex differences and gender-related factors in FND, common comorbidities, hormonal and reproductive considerations, and future directions for research.

Persistent symptoms after concussion (PSaC) and functional neurological disorder (FND) are frequently encountered in clinical practice and are often challenging to manage due to heterogeneous and polysymptomatic presentations, as well as fragmented care pathways. This review outlines key points of intersection between PSaC and FND across pathophysiology, illness beliefs, rehabilitation models, and emerging treatments. We describe when FND should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with PSaC, and provide guidance on history-taking, examination, diagnostic communication, and rehabilitation planning that can be applied to both conditions. We also examine the influence of expectations, clinical messaging, and interactions with the healthcare system on recovery. Integrating principles from FND into concussion care may help clinicians more accurately formulate cases and support individualized rehabilitation pathways.

Traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury are major causes of morbidity and mortality, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic evaluation. Neuroimaging plays a critical role in the early assessment and management of these conditions, allowing for the timely identification of hemorrhagic lesions, cerebral edema, vascular injuries, and spinal cord pathology that may require urgent intervention. In this review, we use a time-based approach to appraise the role of imaging in the hyperacute (first 24 hours) and acute (up to 1 week) periods postinjury. Although computed tomography imaging guides most decision-making in trauma, we also highlight the role of ultrasound imaging modalities such as transcranial Doppler and optic nerve sheath diameter monitoring for noninvasive ICP monitoring, and magnetic resonance imaging for prognostication. Cases are used to highlight imaging findings that may change management in the hyperacute and acute period.

Neurologists engaged in meaningful and satisfying work are positioned to advance the field through research, education, and patient care. On the other hand, neurologists are at elevated risk for burnout and career dissatisfaction, influenced by personal characteristics but driven primarily by external factors at work unit, organizational, and systemic/societal levels. Recognizing and attending to the full range of factors that influence neurologist well-being is necessary to avoid detrimental consequences on patients, clinicians, organizations, and public health. This discussion will review the current state of well-being in neurology, explore drivers and outcomes, and present strategies for improving career satisfaction.

Advocacy is an important part of the practice of neurology integral to optimal patient care and research. Opportunities exist for neurologists to further their engagement in advocacy outside of the office, and neurologists are well-positioned to share their knowledge and expertise as advocates. Many barriers to care, such as the cost of and access to prescription drugs, have an outsized impact on patients with neurological conditions, which underscores the importance of neurological advocacy. Advocacy opportunities span many different forms and range from local to global in scale. The benefits to a neurology career can be vast, from improved knowledge of health care systems to leadership opportunities, to networking among colleagues and community leaders, and enhanced academic profiles. Numerous resources are available for neurologists seeking further engagement in advocacy for their patients and profession.

This manuscript examines the expanding role of population health strategies in neurology, emphasizing systemic approaches that address neurological health at a community-wide level. Key themes include interdisciplinary training in public health, policy reform, biomedical informatics, and the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs). In doing so, neurologists increasingly adopt a holistic perspective that targets the social determinants of health, integrates advanced data analytics, and fosters cross-sector collaborations-ensuring that prevention and early intervention are central to their efforts. Innovative applications, such as predictive analytics for identifying high-risk populations, digital twin technologies for simulating patient outcomes, and AI-enhanced diagnostic tools, illustrate the transition in neurology from reactive care to proactive, data-driven interventions. Examples of transformative practices include leveraging wearable health technologies, telemedicine, and mobile clinics to improve early detection and management of neurological conditions, particularly in underserved populations. These emerging methodologies expand access to care while offering nuanced insights into disease progression and community-specific risk factors. The manuscript emphasizes health disparities and ethical considerations in designing inclusive, data-driven interventions. By harnessing emerging technologies within frameworks that prioritize equity, neurologists can reduce the burden of neurological diseases, improve health outcomes, and establish a sustainable, patient-centered model of care benefiting both individuals and entire communities. This integration of technology, interdisciplinary expertise, and community engagement fosters a future where brain health is preventive, accessible, and equitable.