Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as an emerging energy conversion technology, inevitably encounter various extreme environmental application scenarios, such as high temperatures, corrosion, and deep-sea environments, which may damage the device structure or reduce the surface potential, thereby causing a decline in the output performance of TENGs. Therefore, significant efforts are dedicated to improving the performance of TENGs, enabling sensors to maintain their original performance under extremely harsh environmental conditions. This article reviews and focuses on the latest research progress of triboelectric sensors with high environmental adaptability in extreme environments such as high humidity, high temperature, high salt, corrosion, and deep-sea environments, aiming to gain insights from the selection of functional materials, advanced structural design, fabrication processes, application scenarios, and integration strategies. Finally, it looks forward to the challenges faced by triboelectric sensors in extremely harsh environmental conditions and proposes solutions as well as future research directions. It is hoped that this review provides a systematic reference for the technological breakthroughs of triboelectric sensors in extremely harsh environments, promoting their transition from laboratory research to practical applications, providing feasible paths for technological upgrades in key industrial fields, and accelerating the industrialization process of this technology.

Multi-Atom catalysts (MACs) have emerged as a pioneering domain in heterogeneous catalysis, distinguished by their exceptional intrinsic characteristics. These catalysts not only preserve the atomic dispersion and superior atomic utilization efficiency characteristic of single-atom catalysts, but also address their inherent limitations through enhanced metal loading capacity. Crucially, the interatomic synergy within the cluster facilitates the formation of more intricate and adaptable active sites, thereby potentially elevating catalytic performance and expanding reaction scope to more complex chemical processes. This comprehensive review systematically examines three fundamental aspects: (1) The architectural diversity of atom cluster catalysts; (2) Advanced strategies for electronic structure modulation, encompassing atomic interface engineering, coordination environment optimization, and substrate-mediated regulation; (3) Synergistic mechanisms that transcend conventional linear scaling relationships and enable precise control over critical catalytic parameters. We further consolidate contemporary synthesis methodologies and cutting-edge characterization techniques specifically tailored for these catalytic systems. Particular emphasis is placed on their transformative applications across electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and thermocatalytic domains. The work concludes by outlining persistent challenges and future research directions in catalyst design principles, mechanistic elucidation through advanced characterizations, and practical implementation strategies. This systematic analysis provides theoretical guidance and methodological references for developing next-generation high-performance catalysts.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is one of the most promising ways for energy conservation and even carbon emission reduction to achieve carbon neutrality. However, developing colored PDRC materials that exhibit effective cooling performance while meeting aesthetic requirements for outdoor applications remains challenging. Polymer material with lightweight, low-cost, and universal high thermal emissivity, poses great potential of efficient radiative cooling materials. In this study, a hierarchical pore-particle-nested structure is engineered in a polymer framework, achieving a solar reflectance of 93.6% and a thermal emissivity of 91.1%. Moreover, the colored variants maintained high performance, with solar reflectance values of 80.6%, 84.8%, and 88.1% for the blue, pink, and yellow films, respectively. The pore-particle-nested structure enhances scattering of both direct and diffuse sunlight, enabling efficient colored PDRC films. With enhanced mechanical properties and hydrophobic performance, the structure provides a cost-effective strategy for developing practical outdoor PDRC materials.

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology is a powerful tool for creating physiologically relevant microscale models applicable to biomedical studies. Despite the advances in OoC technology, its fabrication method still primarily relies on soft lithography, which has a long design-to-prototype cycle that creates a bottleneck in the acceleration of OoC innovation. To increase the agility of the OoC fabrication process, a system is developed to fabricate OoC using a digital photomask aligned with a microchamber. The approach uses a pre-defined microfluidic chamber customized by xurography and microfluidic channels photopatterned by a digital photomask. The versatility of the approach offered previously unattainable features in the fabrication of OoC, including non-reticular height profiles of the OoC architecture, and real-time modification of channel designs to trap suspension culture (e.g., spheroids). In summary, this work highlights a versatile system to fabricate OoC by direct photopatterning that can accommodate various OoC design requirements of microenvironments of specific organ tissues. It is anticipated that the system can facilitate the rapid fabrication of OoC, potentially supporting advancements in OoC design innovation, which can potentially increase the adoption of the OoC technology for therapeutic screening and elucidation of disease mechanisms in the scientific community.

All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (ASSSIBs) based on halide solid electrolytes (HSEs) are emerging as promising systems for high energy density and stable energy storage. Although HSEs are generally regarded as compatible with high-voltage oxide cathodes, their interfacial stability remains insufficiently understood. Here, we evaluate the interfacial chemical compatibility between representative HSEs and high-voltage sodium cathode materials through mutual decomposition reaction energy calculations. The analysis reveals interfacial instability of HSEs against high voltage cathodes, challenging the prevailing assumption of their intrinsic stability and highlighting the need for targeted interface design. To address this issue, a high-throughput computational screening of 12800 sodium-containing compounds was performed, identifying several coating materials that effectively suppress interfacial reaction driving forces. These coatings promote stable SE-cathode interfaces, ensuring chemical compatibility under high voltage operation. This study establishes a strategic framework for interfacial design that deepens the understanding of HSE stability and advances the development of durable, high-energy ASSSIBs.

The low-temperature synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is essential for next-generation electronics, but this process remains a challenge. Generally, conventional methods require high temperatures, whereas existing low-temperature approaches depend on extrinsic modifications, such as plasma enhancement or specialized precursors, to enhance reactivity. In this study, a novel fundamental strategy was introduced on the basis of the intrinsic electronic engineering of transition metals (TMs). A bilayered junction protocol was proposed, where a buffer TM (b-TM) is placed beneath the target TM (t-TM) to facilitate TMDC synthesis. This junction precisely controls interfacial charge transfer, directly modulating the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level of t-TM. The choice of b-TM enables the bidirectional tuning of DOS at the Fermi level of t-TM, thereby influencing chalcogen precursor adsorption and systematically reducing the required synthesis temperature. Using this approach, uniform, large-area TMDC nanosheets (exceeding 5.5 inches) were synthesized at remarkably low temperatures even on glass substrates, demonstrating the method's broad applicability. We have also demonstrated this capability with various TMDCs, including MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2. Notably, all 25 fabricated memristor arrays on these films demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving remarkably uniform and ultra-low Set/Reset voltage profiles (±0.15 V). This work establishes a new paradigm for low-temperature synthesis of TMDCs, potentially applicable to the entire class of TMDCs, paving the way for advanced electronic applications on flexible and transparent substrates.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique size- and structure-dependent properties, making them highly promising for a wide range of applications. Among these properties, their exceptional electrical conductivity positions them as potential alternatives to traditional metal conductors. However, despite the outstanding conductivity of individual SWNTs (105-108 S m-1), bulk SWNT materials do not exhibit a simple additive scaling of conductivity (<105 S m-1) due to various limiting factors. This discrepancy arises from the challenges associated with solution processing and purity, which are critical for translating the intrinsic conductivity of individual nanotubes into macroscopic assemblies. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in methodologies aimed at improving both the solution processability and electrical performance of bulk SWNT materials, with a particular emphasis on purification and sorting strategies. Additionally, we discuss the dual role of dispersants used during SWNT sorting, which facilitate tube de-bundling but often remain on the nanotube surface as insulating residues, necessitating further processing to fully restore electrical performance. By consolidating recent insights, this review identifies the key mechanisms governing conductivity trade-off and proposes practical pathways for translating the intrinsic performance of SWNTs into highly conductive bulk assemblies for future electronic applications.

Inspired by human skin, electronic skin (e-skin) integrates multidisciplinary technologies from materials engineering to microelectronics. It aims to replicate the skin's ability to perceive pressure, temperature, and humidity while also exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. As an emerging technology, e-skin holds significant promise across diverse fields, including industry, medicine, the military, and robotics. This review summarizes recent progress in the structural design of e-skin, which is a pivotal factor enabling breakthroughs in its functionality and performance. The e-skin structural design strategies are classified into three categories: skin-like perception regulation and performance enhancement, conformal interface stabilization design, and beyond-skin functionality design. These strategies facilitate skin-like multimodal sensing, stable human-machine interfaces, and capabilities exceeding those of biological skin, respectively. Current challenges and future prospects for e-skin development are also discussed.

Three-photon fluorescence microscopy (3PFM) enables high-resolution volumetric imaging in deep tissues but is fundamentally constrained by a trade-off among imaging speed and spatial resolution, due to low photon flux and prolonged laser exposure. We present DeepR-SXYZ, a deep learning framework that achieves pixel dwell time equivalent to hundreds of nanoseconds (0.168-0.38 µs) through sparse X-Y-Z reconstruction for 3PFM. Trained on paired datasets consisting of sparsely acquired low-resolution volumetric scans (e.g., 256 × 256 pixels, 1.2 µs per pixel, Z step: 16µm) and their corresponding densely sampled high-resolution counterparts (e.g., 512 × 512 pixels, 3.2 µs per pixel, Z step: 2µm), DeepR-SXYZ integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with a structure-dynamic attention (SDA)-enhanced transformer, synergistically capturing intra-layer morphological features (for X-Y plane reconstruction) and inter-layer dynamic variations (for Z-axis interpolation). This design enables accurate 3D volume reconstruction from sparsely sampled data. Experimental validation on cerebral vasculature and muscle macrophages demonstrates that DeepR-SXYZ achieves 8.8× acceleration in X-Y plane imaging over conventional dense sampling and >60% Z-axis layer recovery, substantially improving imaging throughput and reducing single-pixel dwell time significantly. Crucially, the framework enables large-field 3D cerebral vasculature imaging and dynamic volumetric tracking of cellular behaviors, revealing previously inaccessible spatiotemporal biological processes. This work establishes a computational paradigm for high-speed, low-phototoxicity three-photon fluorescence microscopic imaging via sparse X-Y-Z reconstruction, effectively balancing imaging speed and spatial resolution.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density and cost-effective active material. However, challenges such as polysulfide shuttling and lithium metal instability hinder their practical deployment. To tackle these challenges, in this study, we delve into the critical impacts of salt anion in the electrochemical performance of LSBs, focusing on a family of localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) comprising two prevalent anions [i.e., lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)]. While higher LiFSI content enhances ionic conductivity, SEI formation, and lithium metal compatibility, it also reduces sulfur utilization due to side reactions with long-chain polysulfides. Post-mortem analyses confirm the formation of insulating species in high-LiFSI formulations. An optimal electrolyte composition with 0.2m LiFSI as co-salt offers excellent electrochemical performance, achieving enhanced lithium protection and stabilized sulfur redox reactions. These findings reveal the coordination-dependent, double-edged nature of LiFSI and provide key insights for electrolyte design in high-performance LSBs.