Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology [1,2]. Beyond fertility concerns, PCOS has been associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk, and significant psychosocial distress [4,10,12]. The condition also profoundly affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with symptoms such as hirsutism, obesity, and menstrual irregularities contributing to psychological burden, especially among adolescents and women in culturally sensitive contexts [6,9,16]. Materials and Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1996 and 2023. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords such as "PCOS", "quality of life", "metabolic syndrome", and "psychological distress". A total of 16 key studies were included based on relevance, methodological rigor, and population diversity [1–16]. Data were extracted on diagnostic criteria, metabolic and psychological outcomes, and HRQoL assessments including validated instruments like SF-36 and PCOSQ [13,15]. Results: Findings indicate that PCOS is strongly associated with reduced HRQoL across multiple domains, particularly emotional well-being, body image, and social functioning [8,14]. Hirsutism was identified as the most impactful symptom on HRQoL in Iranian and South Asian populations [6,9]. Adolescents with PCOS reported greater psychosocial distress compared to their peers [11,16]. Furthermore, variations in diagnostic criteria (NIH, Rotterdam, AES) influenced prevalence estimates and clinical management strategies [7]. Several studies reported a bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysfunction and mental health deterioration [5,12]. Conclusion: PCOS significantly impairs both physical and mental health, with profound effects on quality of life that extend beyond reproductive concerns. Addressing PCOS requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes not only medical and hormonal management but also psychosocial support and culturally sensitive counseling. Future research should focus on individualized interventions targeting both metabolic and psychological outcomes to improve long-term health in women with PCOS.

Background: Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women in India, especially within marginalized tribal populations. In Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, limited healthcare access, low literacy, and cultural stigma exacerbate the disease burden. Despite being preventable through HPV vaccination and regular screening, awareness and uptake of these measures remain critically low. Methods and Materials: A community-based cervical cancer awareness campaign was designed and implemented in Jagdalpur using a mixed-methods approach. The campaign combined educational workshops, mobile screening units, and HPV vaccination drives. Culturally tailored interventions such as folk media, tribal leader engagement, and local language materials were employed. Data collection included pre- and post-campaign surveys, focus group discussions, and service uptake monitoring to assess the impact. Results: The campaign engaged over 5,000 participants, with notable increases in awareness and behavioral changes. Awareness of cervical cancer rose from 28% to 75%, while knowledge of HPV vaccination and Pap smears increased by 51% and 53%, respectively. More than 1,200 women underwent Pap smears and 520 adolescent girls received the HPV vaccine. The campaign demonstrated that community involvement and cultural sensitivity significantly improve health engagement and service utilization. Conclusion: The Jagdalpur cervical cancer awareness initiative highlights the effectiveness of community-driven, culturally appropriate strategies in reducing health disparities. Future efforts should focus on policy integration, infrastructure support, and sustained community health education to ensure long-term impact and replicability in similar underserved settings.

Introduction: Sleep is defined on the basis of behavioural and physiological criteria dividing it into two states : non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep which is subdivided into three stages (N1,N2,N3) abs rapid eye movement (REM) sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle atonia and desynchronized EEG [1]. The most important step in assessing a patient with a sleep complaint is obtaining a detailed history including family and previous histories. Material and Methods: There were analyzed articles from PubMed database from the last 5 years 2019-2024, mentioned such words as “illnesses”, “sleep deprivation” [2]. As well as scientific works that have not lost their relevance today [3-6]. Results: For example, critically ill patients frequently experience poor sleep, characterized by frequent disruptions, loss of circadian rhythms and pancity of time spent in restorative sleep stages. Factors that are associated with sleep stages. One of them is critical condition in the intensive care unit ICU include patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, medications, patient care and interactions environmental noise and light [ 7-24]. Along with ICU patients, also medical human resources ICU suffer from sleep disorders due to psycho-emotional burnout (PEB) [25] and chronic fatigue syndrome [7], sometimes not different from wartime PEB [ 26]. Conclusion: Sleep disturbance during intensive care unit admission is common. Sleep disturbance has been observed in survivors of critical illness even after transfer out of the ICU. Sleep disturbance is common in critically ill patients up to 12 months after hospital discharge. Like, and medical human resources ICU, may suffer from sleep problems throughout their lives.

Background: Tobacco use remains one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease worldwide. Effective tobacco control policies are essential in mitigating these health risks. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003, provides a comprehensive framework for implementing evidence-based tobacco control measures globally. This project aims to develop and implement robust tobacco control policies to reduce tobacco consumption and its associated health risks. Methods and Materials: The project involved a comprehensive review of existing tobacco control policies, data collection on tobacco use and related health outcomes, and the development of a multi-sectoral task force. Key strategies included setting clear goals, stakeholder engagement, public awareness campaigns, and the drafting of legislative and policy documents. Implementation mechanisms such as enforcement and evaluation systems were also established to ensure compliance and measure the policy's impact. Results: The implementation of the tobacco control policies resulted in a significant reduction in smoking prevalence and exposure to secondhand smoke. Public awareness of the health risks associated with tobacco use increased, and there was enhanced support for smoking cessation services. The project also identified best practices and strategies that can be adopted by other regions to achieve similar outcomes. Conclusion: This project highlights the importance of comprehensive research, effective coordination, and well-planned implementation in developing and executing tobacco control policies. The findings and recommendations presented serve as a valuable resource for policymakers and public health professionals aiming to reduce smoking rates and protect public health. Continued collaboration and adaptation of these strategies are essential for sustaining the progress made in tobacco control.

Background: Medical students face significant challenges in balancing academic obligations with maintaining a social life, which is crucial for their well-being and interpersonal skills. This study aims to explore the difficulties medical students encounter in this balance, the effects of social activities on their health and academic performance, and to propose actionable solutions. Methods and Materials: Employing a mixed-methods research design, this study integrates quantitative data from survey questionnaires with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from various medical schools, ensuring a diverse representation of experiences. Data analysis combined statistical tools for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative interviews, highlighting the intricate dynamics between social engagement, academic responsibilities, and well-being. Results: The findings reveal that many medical students struggle with balancing their social and academic lives, citing heavy workloads and limited free time as substantial barriers. However, a robust social support network was correlated with reduced stress and better overall mental health. Time management skills emerged as crucial for achieving a satisfactory work-life balance. Qualitative data underscored the value of emotional support from peers, family, and mentors and effective time management strategies. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of social support and time management in navigating the demands of medical education. It suggests that educational institutions should foster supportive environments and offer programs that enhance students' social well-being and time management capabilities. Addressing these issues can lead to improved mental health, academic performance, and a more balanced life for medical students.

Background: University students do not get enough sleep due to many reasons such as mental, health, studies and addicted to social media issues. This research allows to find the impact on sleep cycle of undergraduate students after using social media (Facebook, YouTube and Instagram) Methods and materials: A questionnaire which consist of 10 questions was distributed among undergraduate students from Sri Lanka and 207 students responded. Moreover researches, journals and articles from Google scholar and Pub med are used. IBM SPSS software is used to analyze the gathered data. Results: A comprehensive data analysis shows Facebook is the most used social media. Majority, 108 students use social media for entertainment. 114 students use social media before sleep. Among them 54 students have rated 9 as their quality of sleep. And also 28 students who don’t use social media at all have rated 9 as their quality of sleep. 34 students who do not social media before bedtime have rated 10 as their quality of sleep. Findings give the opportunity to compare the quality of sleep between students who use social media before sleep and who don’t use social media. Conclusion: This project conveys no significant impact on the sleep cycle, using social media before bedtime. According to the survey results students use social media for educational and entertainment purposes. Even though they uses social media before bed, they tend to have a good sleep.

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurs when the fertilized ovum implants outside the endometrial cavity, with an incidence of 1% of all pregnancies [2,5,8]. Frequently, the products of conception grow in the fallopian tube. Other implantation sites are the ovaries or the cervix. The vast majority of EP cases affect the fallopian tube, with 70-76 % of these tubal EPs occurring in the ampullary portion, 11-16 % in the isthmic portion and about 2-10 % of in the fallopian tube’s fimbrial end. Affected patients may face significant morbidity or even mortality. Prior tubal surgery or a prior tubal pregnancy are the most important risk factors for tubal pregnancy. Women with an active or prior ascending infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae are at an elevated risk of extrauterine pregnancy. Extrauterine pregnancy may be wholly asymptomatic (intact tubal pregnancy),or it may present with pelvic pain that is worse on one side (tubal abortion) or with severe hemorrhagic shock (tubal rupture). Extrauterine pregnancies are most diagnosed in the 6th through 9th week of gestation . Most patients present with nonspecific complaints. The symptom triad of mild vaginal spotting in the first trimester, aching pelvic pain, and secondary amenorrhea may indicate extrauterine pregnancy but can also arise in an intact intrauterine pregnancy or because of early miscarriage. Further suggestive manifestations include abdominal pain radiating to the shoulder(s), abdominal guarding or an acute abdomen, pain on the displacement of the vaginal portion of the cervix, hemorrhagic shock/hemodynamic instability (dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia), and syncope. During the last decades, transvaginal ultrasound and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) levels became part of the clinical routine leading to the timely detection of ectopic pregnancies and better patient outcomes.

Background: To figure out why a lot of students who are at risk for food insecurity consistently skip meals in university, this research follows the daily food travels of those students. to find the reasons for skipping meals. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse how a daily routine of a medical student of Sri Lanka, affects their eating patterns. Design/ methodology/Approach- A Survey study was implemented using convenient sampling technique where 170 questionnaires were distributed through google forms from which 148 responses were obtained. To test the hypothesis, Cronbach alpha and correlation analysis IBM SPSS 21.0 package was utilized. Findings- This article analyses how a daily routine of a medical student of Sri Lanka affects their eating patterns. The findings demonstrate that university lecture schedules, stress, depression, and loneliness are making students skip at least one of the main meals daily. The authors’ research shows that frequently skipped meals of the students is breakfast. Conclusion- This research provides information to medical university administrations, families, and friends. Therefore, university administration, families and other students may take required decision regarding the quality of life of medical students based on their university lecture schedules, stress, depression, and loneliness. This research study contributes significantly to this aspect telling universities and families the substantial requirement for stress and time management these days to generate a healthy eating pattern.

Identifying the most highly educated person in the world is challenging due to the diverse educational systems and degrees offered worldwide. This article discusses the difficulties in evaluating academic excellence and proposes potential metrics to assess the most highly educated person. It acknowledges the limitations of traditional ranking systems and explores alternative approaches to measuring educational quality. Despite these challenges, the article highlights Professor Nikolaos Tzenios' outstanding academic achievements, making him a leading contender for the title of the most highly educated person. The Official World Records (OWR) recognized Professor Nikolaos Tzenios as the "Most Highly Educated Person in the World".

The ketogenic (keto) diet, characterized by high fat, moderate protein, and low carbohydrate intake, has gained popularity for its potential health benefits and weight loss effects. Its impact on muscle building, however, remains a subject of interest and debate. This review aims to examine the current literature on the keto diet's role in muscle growth, recovery, and performance. We discuss how ketosis-induced changes in fat oxidation, inflammation, and hormonal balance may contribute to muscle building. The evidence suggests that, under certain conditions, the keto diet can support muscle growth and improve recovery in athletes and fitness enthusiasts.