प्रस्तुत लेखमा जीवन जीवन्तद्वारा रचित चरैवेति उपन्यासको हिप्पोलाइट एडोल्फ टेनद्वारा प्रतिपादित प्रजाति र परिवेश सिद्धान्तअनुसार विमर्श गरिएको छ । टेनको मान्यता अनुसार चरैवेति उपन्यासमा प्रजाति र परिवेशको प्रयोग के कसरी गरिएको छ भनी अध्ययन गर्नु यस लेखको मूल समस्या र उद्देश्य हो । पुस्तकालयबाट सङ्कलित आधारभूत र सन्दर्भ स्रोत सामग्रीको विमर्श पाठविलेषण विधिबाट गरिएको छ । यसमा टेनले चर्चा गरेको प्रजाति र परिवेशसमबद्ध सिद्धान्तका आधारमा विशलेषणका मानदण्ड तयार पारेर कृतिबाट तथ्यहरू सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । टेनका अनुसार व्यक्तिका विशेषता, आनुवांशिकता, मानसिक बनावट र शारीरिक संरचना जस्ता पक्षहरू पनि प्रजाति हुन् । परिवेशले उपन्यासमा पात्रहरूको कार्यकलाप हुने वा घटनाहरू घट्ने स्थान, समय र त्यसको मानसिक प्रभावलाई बुझाउँछ, जसले पाठकलाई बाँध्ने काम गर्छ । मुख्यतः उपन्यसमा ब्राहमण, क्षेत्री, दलित, आदिवासी जनजाति गरी उपन्यासमा तीन प्रजातिका पात्रहरू रहेका छन् । परिवेशको दृष्टिबाट उपन्यासलाई नियाल्दा उपन्यासमा प्राकृतिक र भौगोलिक परिवेश, धार्मिक, सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक परिवेश, राजनीतिक परिवेश, आर्थिक परिवेश, ऐतिहासिक परिवेश र वैज्ञानिक तथा समसामयिक परिवेशको चित्रण गरिएको छ । उपन्यासमा प्रजातिगत पहिचान, सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमि र मानसिक संरचनाको यथोचित प्रयोग गरिनुका साथै लेखकीय प्रजातिगत गुण र ऊ बाँचेको समाजको प्रतिबिम्बन कृतिमा झल्किएको पाइन्छ यसर्थ टेनको समाजशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्तका आधारमा प्रजाति र परिवेशको दृष्टिले चरैवेति उपन्यास सशक्त रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

In Eastern philosophy and spirituality, cattle have held a supreme position, which is not incidental but rather rooted in the profound medicinal properties attributed to them by ancient sages. However, in recent times, particularly in Nepal, it has been observed that people, driven by self-interest, exploit cattle for their milk and then abandon them once they become weak or unproductive. This issue has become particularly acute in Western Nepal, emerging as a significant social problem. On one hand, cattle are suffering, and on the other, individuals are losing their lives in road accidents caused by stray cattle. This research paper aims to present an in-depth study of the current status of cattle in Nepal and its impact on religious and agricultural heritage. It also seeks to raise awareness about the mythological and philosophical significance of cattle, discuss their agricultural importance, and highlight the scientific benefits derived from them. While much has been written about cattle and their importance, there is a noticeable lack of research based studies that encompass their mythological, philosophical, agricultural, and scientific significance. This paper fills that gap by providing a comprehensive exploration of these aspects. The study employs historical research methods, library research techniques, and comparative analysis. It identifies the issue of stray cattle as not only a symbol of the decline of indigenous development principles but also a reflection of the erosion of human values. While modern agricultural tools are necessary for development, this should not come at the expense of cultural preservation. Unfortunately, in Nepal, modernization has led to the destruction of cattle, which are traditionally considered protectors of health and wealth. This is a matter of grave concern. The paper is primarily based on secondary data from various books, journals, and other sources, and is qualitative in nature. Additionally, the views of individuals involved in cattle conservation and farmers practicing cattle rearing have been incorporated to provide primary insights. The paper underscores the necessity of preserving cattle, whose by-products, such as ghee, milk, urine, and dung, are vital for human life and the environment, and form the foundation of agriculture.

The involvement of the online learning materials for teaching learning activities has expanded rapidly throughout the world. In context of Nepal as well, the shift is noticed gradually. However, its access and effective use of it remain uneven due to several factors especially in rural areas. This study examines the digital divide that is access to online learning materials among secondary level students at Daneshwar Secondary School at Barakot, Baitadi district. Following the qualitative case study design, the researcher draws on in-depth interviews with students and teachers, focus group discussion and school-level observations to explore lived experiences of digital learning in a resource-constrained schools. The finding of the study shows that poor internet connectivity, lack of digital tools, irregular electricity supply, lack of digital literacy among both students and teachers are some of the hinderances for effective access to online learning materials. Their strong willingness to be connected with the digital learning students and teachers employ several strategies like, offline downloading of materials, peer support, device sharing and blending traditional teaching with the limited digital access having classroom. In order to develop strong digital connectivity in such rural areas there is need for context -specific policies.

Teaching adult learners presents unique challenges, as they bring diverse life experiences and prior knowledge to the classroom. Therefore, instructors must be well-versed in the fundamental principles of andragogy—the theory of adult learning. This study explores the experiences of university teachers in teaching adult learners and examines classroom practices in adult education settings at the university level. A qualitative research design was employed to collect and analyze data. Six university-level teachers were interviewed, and two classroom observations were conducted for each participant. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which included transcription, coding, and thematization. The findings revealed that most teachers primarily relied on lecture-based methods and demonstrated limited awareness of andragogical principles. Common classroom activities included explanation, question-and-answer sessions, and dictation of notes. Observations indicated that andragogical principles were largely absent in instructional practices. While a few participants reported incorporating learners' prior experiences into discussions, other key andragogical elements were notably overlooked. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the integration of andragogical principles in university teaching could enhance the effectiveness of adult learning. Reducing teacher talk time and increasing activities that foster critical thinking, problem-solving, and individualized instruction are recommended to improve student performance and engagement.

Nepali modernity had encountered challenges in its development in the 1960s because King Mahendra Shah (1920-1972) had risen to power, thereby derailing the course of for modernity. He believed that democratic institutions and liberal values hindered the essential course of Nepali society and its traditional virtues. In the name of inventing a political system that suited the clime and soil of the nation, he dissolved the parliament, overthrew popularly elected Prime Minister B. P. Koirala (1914-1982), and implemented "partyless democracy" (?) in the name of the Panchayat system. This study has examined the tension, resulting from the tussle between the conservative camp and the liberal values in Nepal's quest for modernity in the 1960s. Mahendra Shah outlawed democracy to initiate the material transformation and industrialization in Nepal. Koirala and his associates were a group of visionaries who held liberal values. King Shah's project of modernity entailed self-postponement as it focused on achieving material transformation without transforming the consciousness of people and without allowing people's participation in the making of a nation by treating the visionary leaders as exiles from the political system. Methodologically, the paper applies new historicist reading of the texts to explore and analyze quest of modernity in Nepal in the 1960s. By analyzing Shah's speeches, and Koirala's speech and autobiographical writings, the paper rereads Nepal's quest for modernity in the 1960s.

The major objective of the study is to examine the impact of market risk on cross-section of expected stock returns from Nepali capital market. In doing so, stock beta is considered as the proxy of market risk. The research design adopted in this study consists of descriptive and casual comparative research design to ascertain and understand the directions, magnitudes, and forms of observed relationship between the dependent and independent variables by using the data set of 576 observations for the period of 2010/11 to 2021/22 from the 48 sample firms. Furthermore, this study has applied different statistical as well as econometrics tools such as portfolio analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal that market risk has the significant positive impact on cross-section of common stock returns in Nepali capital market.

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Foreign aid is an important factor for the rapid economic development, growth, and fulfillment of resource gaps in developing countries like Nepal. This paper analyzes the contribution of foreign aid and other foreign inflows of capital like foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances to the GDP of Nepal. This paper examines the role of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nepal by using secondary time series data from 1996/97 to 2019/20. This paper also used the data series of the same period for trend analysis of foreign aid in Nepal. The secondary data obtained from the World Bank-World Development Indicator has been analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. This paper uses GDP as a dependent variable, foreign aid as a major independent variable, and FDI and remittances as supporting independent variables. The empirical results of this paper prove that there is a positive and significant relationship between GDP and foreign aid inflow to Nepal. The empirical results also prove that there is a positive and significant relationship between GDP and remittances. Similarly, there is also a positive and significant relationship between GDP and FDI.

प्रस्तुत लेख डोट्याली भाषाको व्याकरणव्यवस्थाको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । संस्कृतबाट प्राकृत र अपभ्रंश हुँदै विकसित भई कालीकर्णाली बिचको भूखण्डमा भाषिक व्यवहारमा प्रयुक्त भाषिक भेदहरूको समुच्चयलाई डोट्याली भाषाका रूपमा चिनिन्छ । केही विद्वान्हरू डोट्याली भाषलाई छुट्टै स्वतन्त्र भाषा नमानेर नेपाली भाषाकै भाषिका पनि मान्दछन् तर भाषावैज्ञानिक विश्लेषणका आधारमा हेर्दा डोट्याली भाषाको ध्वनिव्यवस्था, व्याकरणव्यवस्था, अर्थव्यवस्था र शब्दभण्डार नेपाली भाषाको भन्दा भिन्न रहेकाले डोट्याली नेपाली भाषाको भाषिका नभएर छुट्टै स्वतन्त्र भाषा हो भन्ने कुरा पुष्टि हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको छ । डोट्याली भाषाका वर्णको पहिचान र निर्धारण गर्ने क्रममा अध्ययनका लागि आधार सामग्रीका रूपमा आवश्यक पर्ने लघुतम युग्महरू मूलतः क्षेत्रकार्यबाट सङ्कलन गरिएका छन् । केही सामग्री पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट पनि सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । त्यस्तै गरी सिद्धान्तसम्बद्ध सामग्री पूर्ण रूपमा पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यसरी सङ्कलित सामग्रीलाई उदाहरणका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै निष्कर्षमा पुग्ने काम गरिएकाले सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गर्न आगमन विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । सामान्यतया मानकीकरण तथा स्तरीकरण हुन नसकेकाले हालसम्म पनि डोट्याली भाषाले स्पष्ट स्वरूप ग्रहण गर्न सकेको छैन तर डोटी क्षेत्रमा बोलिने भाषिक भेदहरूका बिचमा साझा विशेषताहरू पाउन सकिन्छ । यसरी डोट्याली भाषाको आफ्नै मौलिक वर्णव्यवस्था रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा डोट्यालीभाषाको वर्णव्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गर्ने कार्यलाई केन्द्रीय अभीष्ट बनाइएको छ ।