Zoning plan implementations in Türkiye often restrict property rights for public services, while expropriation remains costly and contentious. In 2024, Türkiye recognised Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) under Zoning Law No. 3194 as an alternative mechanism. Unlike market-based models, the Turkish approach requires full ownership transfer to the public, often without direct monetary compensation. This study analyses the legal and operational structure of the model through two implementation scenarios. The findings show that TDR can reduce fiscal pressure and limit uncompensated takings disputes, but also raises concerns regarding density management, voluntariness, and valuation credibility.

Land surveyors play a crucial role in preservation and protection of land and property rights and in land development. This research, based on a review of legal regulations and professional guidelines compares US and UK professional requirements for licensed land surveyors. In the UK, land surveying is one of the many surveying professions with delineation sometimes harder to see then elsewhere in Europe. Within the US, land surveying licencing varies from state to state. However, in both countries licencing includes common traits essential for ensuring the professional competence and trust in the land systems and the profession.

Closed-form solutions of non-linear least squares problems avoid the risk of divergence or drifting to a local minimum as in the iterative methods. The unique solution is obtained with low numerical effort. In this contribution, a closed-form solution of the non-symmetric planar three-parameter transformation problem is derived in detail. The presented solution considers a fully populated weight matrix and is not restricted to infinitesimal rotation angles. The analysis of the objective function demonstrates that there may also be a secondary local minimum. Applying iterative approaches have the risk of getting stuck in the local minimum of the objective function.

This paper enhances the Sarawak LADM Country Profile by proposing a structured workflow for mapping IFC elements (e.g. IfcSpace, IfcWall, IfcSlab) to LADM classes to improve the representation of legal space boundaries. The methodology focuses on extracting legal space information from IFC models, mapping it to LADM using Enterprise Architect, and structuring the data for future integration with PostgreSQL. The mapping framework supports strata title management and 3D cadastral in Sarawak. Additionally, this study outlines a conceptual workflow for visualising legal space boundaries using CesiumJS. The proposed approach enhances data interoperability between BIM and land administration, advancing BIM-driven cadastral systems.

In this study, we utilise the Monte Carlo method to evaluate the potential of total-station-based trajectory determination, specifically for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), within a simulated environment. We conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to understand the various influences and their impact on trajectory uncertainty. Furthermore, we analyse the estimation of the UAS orientation based on images captured by the total station. The simulation results show that the uncertainty of the UAS trajectory for our scenario is on average about 8 mm for the position and 0.1 gon for the orientation angles.

A building is a construction object that requires an accurate determination of its position in space by determining the coordinates of its break points (building corners). This is achieved by using classical geodetic surveying with the polar method or in RTK/NRTK GNSS mode. These are conventional surveying methods that can also be used to measure circular objects (these can also be buildings) directly accessible. In such cases, it is enough to measure the perimeter of such an object directly. Unfortunately, there are often cases in practice where we do not always have direct access to the object in question. In such cases, the position of circular objects must be determined in a slightly different way, i.e. by calculating the parameters: the coordinates of the centre of the object and its radius. It was these factors, i.e. the method of determining the parameters of a circular cross-section object and the potential difficulty of directly accessing it, that formed the genesis of the research carried out. The aim of the research carried out was to present surveying contractors with an alternative to using the suggested algorithm in RTK/NRTK GNSS measurements to determine the position of circular cross-section objects. The novelty of such a solution is the comprehensive application of the suggested calculation method together with the measurement of base points in the NRTK GNSS mode and linear measures. Test surveys were carried out on real field objects with circular cross-sections of 4, 60 and 150 m in diameter. The reference values of these objects were obtained by measuring their perimeter with a Leica TC 407 electronic total station with reference to the base points. The base points were determined in static mode with GNSS satellite technology using Leica GS16 receivers with reference to the ASG-EUPOS reference station network. The accuracy of the determination of the base points (mean position error) did not exceed 0.005 m. After application of the algorithm, linear deviations ΔL were obtained for the determined X, Y coordinates of the centre of a circular object and its radius at the level of single centimetres: from 0.01 to 0.05 m. The average errors m_P (0.01 to 0.03 m) for the position of the centre of the circular object and its radius are of a similar order and do not differ significantly from the reference values. This solution provides results that are reliable and at a high level of accuracy. Thus, it is of significant importance in a complex surveying environment, providing a guarantee of meeting any accuracy criteria used for a variety of needs, and as an alternative to conventional surveying techniques. The results of the study allow us to conclude the high suitability of the suggested algorithm for determining the position of a circular building object in real time.

This study is the first dedicated investigation of Montenegro’s gravity field. Using 1301 gravimetric points, 44 height anomalies, and the selected Global Geopotential Models, gravity anomalies were determined across the territory. Free Air anomalies range from −124.74 to 32.29 mGal, and Bouguer anomalies from −151.14 to −29.56 mGal. The quasigeoid shape was recovered, with height anomaly differences of −6 cm to 13 cm compared to GPS levelling. Despite the irregularity in data, a preliminary geoid model has been determined. The findings emphasize the need for more detailed gravity data within Montenegro and neighbouring countries to enhance the model's reliability.

Achieving best practices in land administration and management systems supporting land rights for all requires sustainable land administration and management, contributing to successful and significant land administration and management systems. There is an increasing need for legal framework reforms to support land administration and management systems. These reforms may enable rural transformation and social inclusion. Central to reform strategies may be decentralisation to improve inclusivity and collaboration between the customary and statutory institutions. Using Soft Systems Methodology to analyse the current land administration and management systems in Ekiti State, Nigeria, will be helpful for policymakers, professionals and academics reforming land administration and management systems. The study findings reveal the need for improvement in land administration and management systems.

The multi-frequency signals of the Beidou system are very helpful for positioning, but in data processing, the detection and repair of multi-frequency cycle slips also face certain challenges. A recursive filtering and integer constraint cycle slip detection and repair method for the Beidou six-frequency is proposed in this paper. This method utilises five sets of combination coefficients of six-frequency and three sets of dual-frequency combinations, and detects and repairs cycle slips through integer constraints of cycle slip estimation. The proposed method has been validated by data with a sampling rate of 1 Hz, and can detect the position and size of cycle slips at various frequencies, whether it is random cycle slips or small cycle slips of equal size less than 2 cycles, with a detection success rate of 100%.

The aim of this study is the determination of the best fit ellipsoid to given points by quaternions. The problem of the fitting ellipsoid is frequently encountered in image processing, computer games, medicine, engineering and science applications, geodesy, etc. The ellipsoid fitting problem is the process of determining the ellipsoid that best fits a given set of points in 3D. In the fitting process, it is generally done over two models. The first of these is the algebraic method and the second one is orthogonal (geometric) method. In this study, we tried to solve the problem of algebraic and orthogonal ellipsoid fitting based on Euler angles for the first time over quaternions. The superiority of quaternions over Euler rotation angles is well known. In addition, the variance–covariance matrix of the parameters of the fitted ellipsoid will also be calculated. Numerical applications show that the proposed method can be used successfully.